Treatment of polytrauma patients requires a large number of well trained staff and expensive medical equipment. The high medical standard in polytrauma care resulted in a reduction of a 40% lethality in the 70's to 10 to 15% today. The changes in german health systems (GSG) cut down the financial resources and call for careful evaluation of costs in trauma centers. Our analysis of the costs of ...

In the UK, homeownership has become increasingly important as a financial asset used for welfare needs, particularly during old age. It has been suggested that other European countries will follow the example of the UK. Traditionally, homeownership has been regarded positively because of the low housing expenses associated with outright ownership and the financial benefit of having a nest-egg t...

Financial safety nets are intended to reduce the likelihood and severity of financial crises that have macroeconomic externalities. While safety nets are intended to confer benefits on the macroeconomy, their design and implementation may confer disproportionate benefits on identifiable sectors, such as banks and depositors. In this study, we distinguish between safety net benefits and subsidie...

OBJECTIVES This study assesses the affordability of a nutritious diet for households in Toronto that are supported by welfare. METHODS For three hypothetical households, welfare incomes were compared to the monthly costs for food, shelter, and other essential expenditures in Toronto. RESULTS If households lived in market rental accommodation, average monthly incomes were insufficient to cov...

Americans' confidence in their ability to retire comfortably is stagnant at historically low levels. Just 14 percent are very confident they will have enough money to live comfortably in retirement (statistically equivalent to the low of 13 percent measured in 2011 and 2009). Employment insecurity looms large: Forty-two percent identify job uncertainty as the most pressing financial issue facin...

While cybercrime has existed for many years and is still reported to be a growing problem, reliable estimates of the economic impacts are rare. We develop a survey instrument tailored to measure the costs of consumer-facing cybercrime systematically, by aggregating different cost factors into direct losses and expenses for protection measures. We use our instrument to collect representative pri...

The increasing risk of poverty in retirement has been well-documented; it is projected that current and future retirees’ living expenses will significantly exceed their savings and income. In this paper, we consider a retiree who does not have sufficient wealth and income to fund her future expenses and we seek the asset allocation that minimizes the probability of financial ruin during her lif...

Fieldwork conducted in Kpelle village in north-central Liberia revealed that health-care expenses constitute a major part of domestic spending. The actual transactions for major health-care expenditures are handled by men, typically using income that jointly belongs to the couple in addition to the husband's personal income. Women are likely to spend their personal incomes on minor health expe...

In the Western world, consumers complain about the soaring of non-interest bank fees during the recent years, the post global financial crisis in particular. Commercial banks charge a variety of non-interest fees for their transactions. This paper empirically tests whether the free charges are significantly different between conventional commercial banks and interest free Islamic banks. The ave...

PURPOSE To review data and results from past surveys of prosthodontists sponsored and conducted by the American College of Prosthodontists (ACP). Specifically, most results are examined and presented from the surveys conducted in 2008, 2011, and 2014. Selected survey results are examined for prosthodontists in private practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Results from past surveys of prosthodontist...