Hippocampal neurons express high levels of HIV chemokine co-receptors, activation of which causes injury or death in vitro. To determine if their in vivo expression correlates with injury, we evaluated neuronal CXCR4 and CCR5 immunoreactivity and reactive gliosis in autopsy hippocampus of 10 control cases, 11 AIDS cases without HIV encephalitis (HIVnE) or opportunistic infections/lymphomas (OI/...

BACKGROUND Microthrombosis and reactive inflammation contribute to neuronal injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). ADAMTS-13 cleaves von Willebrand factor multimers, and inhibits thrombus formation and, seemingly, inflammatory reactions. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of ADAMTS-13 in experimental SAH. METHODS A total of 100 male C57/BL6 mice were randomly assigned to four groups: ...

Abstract Stimulating brain tissue regeneration is a major challenge after central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as those observed from trauma or cerebrovascular accidents. Full difficult even when neurogenesis-associated repair response may occur. Currently, there are no effective treatments to stimulate regeneration. However, biomaterial scaffolds showing promising results, where hydrogels...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a primary public health concern that has caused millions of deaths and disabilities around the world. Numerous medications are available to relieve TBI-associated complications, but they do not prevent further harm from occurring. As result, novel therapeutic medicines protect against neuronal damage as result trauma its repercussions, especially secondary injury...

The prognostic ability of global white matter and gray metabolite ratios following pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) their relationship to 12-month neuropsychological assessments intelligence quotient (IQ), attention, memory is presented. Three-dimensional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) in subjects with complicated mild (cMild), moderate, severe TBI was acquired acu...

In addition to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, microglia represent the third major population of glial cells within the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are distributed ubiquitously throughout the brain and spinal cord, and one of their main functions is to monitor and sustain neuronal health. Microglial cells are quite sensitive to even minor disturbances in CNS homeostasis, and they b...

PURPOSE Lithium-pilocarpine induced status epilepticus (LPSE) causes selective and age-dependent neuronal death, although the mechanism of maturation-related injury has not yet been clarified. The activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2) protein is essential for the normal development of mammalian brain and is activated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). It induces the expression of the c-jun g...

Alterations in the levels of neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzymes are a concomitant of many neurodegenerative disorders. In order to elucidate potential mechanisms for longterm alterations in biosynthetic enzyme gene products in response to neuronal injury, an acute axotomy/deafferentation model was employed. A unilateral microknife transection of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) axotomizes a...

Innate immunity is an evolutionarily ancient system that provides organisms with immediately available defense mechanisms through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. We show that in the CNS, specific activation of innate immunity through a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent pathway leads to neurodegeneration. We identify microglia as the major lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-resp...

BACKGROUND Childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with neuropsychological deficits of memory, learning, and executive function. There is no evidence of neuronal brain injury in children with OSA. We hypothesized that childhood OSA is associated with neuropsychological performance dysfunction, and with neuronal metabolite alterations in the brain, indicative of neuronal injury in ...