Regulators and actors in international trade are facing a difficult challenge of increasing control and security while at the same time lowering the administrative burden for traders. As a tentative response, the European Commission has introduced the concept of “trusted traders”: certified traders that are in control of their business. Trusted traders are entitled to trade facilitations, faste...

Al-Najjar and Weinstein 2009 propose to scrutinize the implications of recent theories of ambiguity in dynamic settings. They conclude that such implications are so unreasonable as to cast doubts on the legitimacy of the theories under consideration. The present paper argues that the seemingly unreasonable implications highlighted by Al-Najjar and Weinstein can be understood as the result of ba...

The extraordinarily long lifespans of queens (and kings) in eusocial insects and the strikingly large differences in life expectancy between workers and queens challenge our understanding of the evolution of aging and provide unique opportunities for studying the causes underlying adaptive variation in lifespan within species. Here we review the major evolutionary theories of aging, focusing on...

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The present paper analyzes the existence of a long-run relationship between the trade balance and exchange rate of Iran and South Korea by a new approach. It proposes an asymmetric co-integrating NARDL model by two positive and negative partial sum decompositions which can use mixed I (0) and I (1) variables by bounds testing approach. The proposed tests are based on calculated F –statistics an...

The concept of iteration theory of Bloom and Ésik summarizes all equational properties that iteration has in usual applications, e.g., in Domain Theory where to every system of recursive equations the least solution is assigned. However, this assignment in Domain Theory is also functorial. Yet, functoriality is not included in the definition of iteration theory. Pitty: functorial iteration theo...

Currently, the world has entered fourth technological revolution era characterized by intelligence (the of Industry 4 [...]