As we approach the 21st century, there is an increasing worldwide awareness and threat regarding the use of biological warfare agents both for war and terrorist attack. Biological agents include microorganisms or biological toxins that are used to produce death in humans, animals and plants. They are characterized by low visibility, high potency, substantial accessibility and relatively easy de...

Jeffrey M. Aristoff, Tadd T. Truscott, Alexandra H. Techet, and John W. M. Bush Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, Rhode Island 02841, USA Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA Department of Mathematics, Massac...

Currently, defense transformation is driven and enabled primarily by advances in information technologies (IT) and network-centric warfare. Key characteristics of a modern transformed force include: new command, control, communications, computing, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR), networked with weapons and platforms; shared situational awareness; more accurate and standof...

Strategists have noted substantial changes in warfare since the end of Cold War. They proposed several concepts and theories to account for fact that practice war has largely departed from a Clausewitzian understanding centrality physical violence it. Emerging modes conflict are less focused on instrumental use force achieve political objectives more centered notions perception management, narr...

In the present work we studied the incidence of fetal deaths among conceptions whose fathers or both parents were survivors of chemical warfare attacks by Iraq. We showed that there was significant correlation between frequency of fetal deaths among conceptions which eventuated after exposure of the parents to gas bombs compared to the frequency of fetal deaths among the control group. Thi...

one way to confront chemical warfare in order to reduce their harmful effects, is to use the body's defense mechanisms. in order to do so firstly mustard gas (hd) was injected in an animal model in the form of an immunogen and the induced humoral immune response was investigated by two different immunological methods such as the ouchterlony test and a new liquid phase fluoroimmunoassay. 7l...

Over the last decade, information technology has been championed by policymakers, activists, international bureaucrats, business leaders and intellectuals as a catalyst for social transformation-generating economic growth and development, peace and global cosmopolitanism, personal freedom and individual empowerment. Like the industrial revolution before it, the information technology revolution...

Fighting ability, although recognized as fundamental to intrasexual competition in many nonhuman species, has received little attention as an explanatory variable in the social sciences. Multiple lines of evidence from archaeology, criminology, anthropology, physiology, and psychology suggest that fighting ability was a crucial aspect of intrasexual competition for ancestral human males, and th...

With the increase in the complexity of terrorism’s networks and activities, the advances in chemical and biological warfare, and the use of organized criminal activities, it is becoming apparent that dealing with this complexity is not possible with traditional problem-solving approaches. The artificial complexity area (Artificial Life, or ALife), complex systems and agentbased distillation (AB...

This paper presents a threat to cyber resilience in the form of a conceptual model of a malware rebirthing botnet which can be used in a variety of scenarios. It can be used to collect existing malware and rebirth it with new functionality and signatures that will avoid detection by AV software and hinder analysis. The botnet can then use the customized malware to target an organization with an...