One of the main predictions of principal-agent theory, the “informativeness principle”, is often violated in practice. We propose an explanation that emphasizes the role played by the change in the form of the optimal contract that follows an improvement in informativeness. We show that the overall gains from a less noisy performance measure emanate from two sources: the direct effect of a chan...

The Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a novel method of fabricating micro/nanometer scale patterns with low cost, high throughput and high resolution (Chou et al., 1996). Unlike traditionally optical lithographic approaches, which create pattern through the use of photons or electrons to modify the chemical and physical properties of the resist, NIL relies on direct mechanical deformation of the...

In this paper, a combination of algebraic and topological methods are applied to obtain new structural results on harmonic rings. Especially, it is shown that if Gelfand ring A modulo its Jacobson radical zero dimensional ring, then clean ring. It also proved that, for given A, the retraction map $${\text {Spec}}(A)\rightarrow {\text {Max}}(A)$$ flat continuous only Dually, mp-ring {Min}}(A)$$...

the counters of e to become nil: message tokense] is decremented by 1, but nil tokense] is incremented by 1. 2 Proof of Lemma 2: Let t be the time just before the token is sent from u, and t 0 the time just before it is received at v. Because the sum of message tokens and nil tokens can increment only when tokens arrive on the link, and because the links are FIFO, we have: message tokense] t 0 ...

up By the induction hypothesis P fulfil the requirements. Let be a node in P’s frontier that such that P( ) = ht;Ri is non-trivial, and let P( ) = ht 0;R 0i be a non-trivial ancestor such that t 0 t. Let t 0 u t = (s; fx1:=s1; : : : ; xn :=sng; ). Since t 0 6$ t, s is not a variable. Also, since t 0 6 lt, then sfx1:= s1; : : : ; xn := sng 6 : = s. Hence the abstract operation is welldefined and...

Increases in rates of individual leaf photosynthesis (P n) are critical for future increases of rice yields. A previous study, using introgression lines derived from a cross between indica cultivar Habataki, with one of the highest recorded values of P n, and the Japanese elite cultivar Koshihikari, identified four QTLs (qCAR4, qCAR5, qCAR8, and qCAR11) that affect P n. The present study examin...

At the turn of the 21st century Agata Smoktunowicz constructed the first example of a nil algebra over a countable field such that the polynomial ring over the algebra is not nil. This answered an old question of Amitsur. We present a simplification of the example. Introduction This monograph began as the author’s earnest attempt to understand the beautiful example constructed in [1], and was o...

It is shown that the right-adequate duo ring with a nonzero Jacobson radical has stable range one. established class of complete matrices order 2 over elementary divisors Some classes unit-regular and clean are investigated.

A ring [Formula: see text] is said to be clean if each element of can written as the sum a unit and an idempotent. weakly either or difference idempotent, feebly every text], where are orthogonal idempotents. Clearly, rings both them clean. In recent paper (J. Algebra Appl. 17 (2018) 1850111 (5 pp.)), McGoven characterized when group clean, distinct primes. this paper, we consider more general ...