The EI Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the most important contributors to interannual variability on Earth (Diaz and Markgraf 2000). It is an aperiodic phenomenon that tends to reoccur within the range of 2 to 7 years. and it is manifest by the alternation of extreme warm (EI Nino) and cold (La Nina) events. There is also evidence (Allen 2000) that the aperiodic ENSO phenomenon must ...

In order to address the difficult issue of forecasting snowfall amounts for the general public, forecasters must be intimately familiar with the climatological behavior of snowfall events and associated snowfall-to-liquid (SL) precipitation ratios that accompany events impacting the region. In Southwest Missouri, an average of 4 to 5 snowfall events of 3 inches or more occurred every year withi...

In the stability, sensitivity and predictability studies in geophysical fluid dynamics, linear singular vector (LSV), which is the fastest growing perturbation of the linearized model, is one of the useful tools. However, the linear approximation has strong limitations on the applicability of LSV, since it ignores the nonlinear processes, such as wave-mean flow interactions. The authors have pr...

A multiscale-modeling framework for daily rainfall is considered and diagnostic results are presented for an application to the winter season in Northwest India. The daily rainfall process is considered to follow a hidden Markov model (HMM), with the hidden states assumed to be an unknown random function of slowly varying climatic modulation of the winter jet stream and moisture transport dynam...

A unique open-ocean upwelling exists in the tropical South Indian Ocean (SIO), a result of the negative wind curl between the southeasterly trades and equatorial westerlies, raising the thermocline in the west. Analysis of in-situ measurements and a model-assimilated dataset reveals a strong influence of subsurface thermocline variability on sea surface temperature (SST) in this upwelling zone....