More high-risk women with breast cancer are identified using genetic testing at a younger age. These young women often opt for prophylactic surgery. Most patients are reluctant for extra donor-site scars besides infections and necrosis. In order to reduce these risks, a two-stage breast reconstruction technique is used for high-risk women with large or ptotic breasts. We presume that this proce...

AIM To review evidence concerning the oncological safety of performing skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) for invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Furthermore, the evidence concerning RT in relation to SSM and the possibility of nipple preservation was considered. METHODS Literature review facilitated by Medline and PubMed databases. FINDINGS Despite the lack of randomised...

Figure 2 Cross-hair laser level. Plastic surgery relies on accurate preoperative evaluation and planning. The simple marker pen and tape measure have been essential tools of the trade, but modern tradesmen in engineering and other fields have moved on to more sophisticated devices. One such device is a laser level that emits a laser line (as opposed to a single dot), which can be orientated wit...

Aim: To review the oncological safety and aesthetic advantage of skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) for invasive breast cancer (IBC) and ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS). Controversies including the impact of radiotherapy (RT) on immediate breast reconstruction (IBR), preservation of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) and the role of endoscopic mastectomy are also considered. Methods: Literature review ...

Background: Considering,  the high prevalence of nipple fissures as well as the importance of neonatal health and, on the other hand, the increasing use of herbal medicines, we decided to conduct a systematic review on the effects of peppermint on nipple fissure. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, all clinical trial...