objective(s):the relationship between tramadol, as an antinociceptive drug, and locus coeruleus (lc), the main noradrenergic nucleus of the brain that affects regulation and modulation of pain through descending noradrenergic pathways was investigated. materials and methods: male sprague-dawley rats were divided into four groups of 10 rats. the rats were fixed in stereotaxic instrument and then...

a series of novel indeno[1, 2-b]quinoxalin-11-ylidenamines 2-9 have been synthesized via condensation of indane[1, 2-b]quinoxalin-11-one (1) with various primary aromatic amines in presence of acoh for 3 h. compound 1 was synthesized by condensation of indane-1,2,3-trione with benzene-1,2-diamine in presence of acoh. the synthesized compounds were characterized by ir, 1h-nmr, mass spectra and e...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential therapeutic value of telmisartan (TMT) against diabetic neuropathy (DN) and associated pain in Wistar rats. METHODS Peripheral DN was induced by a single intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection (55 mg/kg), and 3 weeks later TMT treatment was started (5 and 10 mg/kg/day), and continued for 4 weeks. Mechanical nociceptive threshold, motor coordination, and t...

The neural mechanisms of the powerful analgesia induced by touching a painful body part are controversial. A long tradition of neurophysiologic studies in anaesthetized spinal animals indicate that touch can gate nociceptive input at spinal level. In contrast, recent studies in awake humans have suggested that supraspinal mechanisms can be sufficient to drive touch-induced analgesia. To investi...

Although the sensory coding of nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horn has been studied extensively, surprisingly little is known about how these neurons contribute to nociceptive reflexes. The objective of the present study was to examine the characteristics of dorsal horn neurons capable of initiating hindpaw withdrawal. To this end, neural and reflex activity were measured simultaneously in r...

Acupuncture and electro-acupuncture (EA) are now widely used to treat disorders like pain. We and others have shown previously that current frequency, intensity and treatment duration all significantly influence the anti-nociceptive effects of EA. There is evidence that stimulating sites also affect the antinociception, with EA applied ipsilaterally to the pain site being more effective under s...

Chronic pain is a debilitating condition with unknown mechanism. Nociceptive sensitivity may be regulated by genetic factors, some of which have been separately linked to neuronal progenitor cells and neuronal differentiation. This suggests that genetic factors that interfere with neuronal differentiation may contribute to a chronic increase in nociceptive sensitivity, by extending the immature...

This study investigated the responses of posterior triangular (PoT) thalamic neurons to tactile and noxious calibrated stimuli in anesthetized rats. We report here that 41% of PoT units responded to cutaneous stimulation, in most cases, by increasing strongly their firing. Forty-five percent of the responding units were nociceptive specific (NS), 19% were nociceptive nonspecific (NNS), and 36% ...

Low back pain, categorized as nociceptive, neuropathic, or nociplastic, is the leading cause of disability in terms years lived among young people. The lumbar spine may produce specific non-specific pain. Treatment depends on underlying low This review discusses classification, prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment pain adults.