A cerebrovascular accident, or stroke, is defined as the abrupt onset of a neurological deficit, which can be due to ischemia. Cerebral ischemia is caused by a reduction in blood flow that thereby decreases cerebral metabolism. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion leads to irreversible brain damage and plays an important role in the development of certain types of dementia. Vinpocetine, chemically kn...

The term neuroenhancement refers to improvement in the cognitive, emotional and motivational functions of healthy individuals through, inter alia, the use of drugs. Of known interventions, psychopharmacology provides readily available options, such as methylphenidate and modafinil. Both drugs are presumed to be in widespread use as cognitive enhancers for non-medical reasons. Based on a systema...

The article discusses the issues of terminology, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, approaches to diagnosis and treatment post-covid syndrome (PCS). It has been shown that incidence PCS in people who had COVID-19 is 10–35%; there are no generally accepted defining term PCS. Clinical manifestations include more than 50 symptoms occur both children adults, regardless their pl...

conclusions this study showed that some properties of antimicrobial substances produced by the ga strain differed from other peptide antibiotics produced by the genus bacillus such as bacitracin, which increases the likelihood of its novelty. results the isolated bacterium was identified as a new strain of bacillus atrophaeus. the antimicrobial substance exhibited heat stability between 25ºc an...

BACKGROUND There is growing debate on the use of drugs that promote cognitive enhancement. Amphetamine-like drugs have been employed as cognitive enhancers, but they show important side effects and induce addiction. In this study, we investigated the use of modafinil which appears to have less side effects compared to other amphetamine-like drugs. We analyzed effects on cognitive performances a...

Editor’s note: In 2008, Henry T. Greely, a professor at Stanford Law School, co-authored a commentary in Nature; it concluded that “safe and effective cognitive enhancers will benefit both the individual and society.” The article inspired an impressive number of responses from readers, and the debate has continued in scholarly journals and the mainstream media in the years following publication...

Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi) is an annual creeper belonging to family Scrophulariaceae and growing all over the Indian sub-continent in marshy areas. It is a major Medhya Rasayana used in Ayurveda for treatment of memory disorders. Large number of saponins and glycosides has been isolated from the plant. Most of the experimental and clinical studies have been done with crude extracts or stand...

INTRODUCTION This post-hoc analysis was to investigate the impact of treatment discontinuation on clinical outcomes in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Data are from a 12-month, observational, multinational study that included outpatients aged 6-17 years who were diagnosed with ADHD and treated with atomoxetine, methylphenidate, or nootropic agents. Treat...

The antisaccade task is a measure of volitional control of behavior sensitive to fronto-striatal dysfunction. Here we outline important issues concerning antisaccade methodology, consider recent evidence of the cognitive processes and neural mechanisms involved in task performance, and review how the task has been applied to study psychopathology. We conclude that the task yields reliable and s...