Health claims in the United States have been a topic of intense controversy since the mid-1980s. Three categories of claims can currently be used on food and dietary supplement labels in the United States: 1) health claims, 2) nutrient content claims, and 3) structure/function claims. Structure/function claims were authorized under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act and describe th...

Sex determination based on discriminant function analysis of skeletal measurements is probably the most effective method for assessment of sex in archaeological and contemporary populations due to various reasons, but it also suffers from limitations such as population specificity. In this paper standards for sex assessment from the femur and tibia in the medieval Irish population are presented...

While much is known about the molecular pathways that regulate embryonic development and adult homeostasis of the endocrine pancreas, little is known about what regulates early postnatal development and maturation of islets. Given that birth marks the first exposure to enteral nutrition, we investigated how nutrient-regulated signaling pathways influence postnatal islet development in mice. We ...

In this paper, we derive and analyze a mathematical model for the interactions between phytoplankton and zooplankton in a periodic environment, in which the growth rate and the intrinsic carrying-capacity of phytoplankton are changing with respect to time and nutrient concentration. A threshold value: "Predator's average growth rate" is introduced and it is proved that the phytoplankton-zooplan...

Conceptual watershed model developed to examine water quality as it is affected by soil erosion from agriculture and urban areas (Young et al., 1987). AGNPS has three major components: hydrology, soil erosion and nutrient pollution. The hydrological function provides prediction of runoff volume and peak flow rate. The soil erosion function includes soil erosion and sedimentation. The nutrient f...

Amid an increasing number of reports in the literature concerning epithelial barrier enhancement by various nutrient compounds, there has never been a study performing side-by-side comparisons of these agents in a single epithelial model. We compare five nutrient compounds (previously reported in various epithelial models to enhance barrier function) regarding their ability to increase transepi...

Maternal nutrient restriction from early to midgestation can lead to fetal growth retardation, with long-term impacts on offspring growth, physiology, and metabolism. We hypothesized that ewes from flocks managed under markedly different environmental conditions and levels of nutrition might differ in their ability to protect their own fetus from a bout of maternal nutrient restriction. We util...

Multiple types of nutrient transceptors, membrane proteins that combine a transporter and receptor function, have now been established in a variety of organisms. However, so far all established transceptors utilize one of the macronutrients, glucose, amino acids, ammonium, nitrate, phosphate or sulfate, as substrate. This is also true for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transceptors mediating acti...

The "law of the minimum" (Liebig's law) states that usually one nutrient restricts the maximum quantity of biomass that can be produced within a system, whereas all other nutrients are in excess. This general rule has been applied also to the growth of microorganisms, e.g., by adjusting the relative concentrations of the individual nutrients in growth media such that one of them, in the case of...

The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) proteins function in signaling pathways that promote protein synthesis and cell growth. In yeast, TOR signaling is regulated by nutrient availability, whereas in metazoan cells TOR activities may be controlled by both nutrients and growth factors. The recent identification of novel TOR-interacting proteins has provided crucial insights into TOR regulation and funct...