Abstract Recent scholarship analyzes norm dynamics in the US context using prohibition on assassination contained Executive Order 12333 as relevant norm. These studies argue that—before 9/11—the ban was largely uncontested and effectively constrained foreign policy. In doing so, these overlook impact of Reagan administration evolution ban. This article establishes that engaged a concerted, succ...

Anatomy of Torture. By Ron E. Hassner. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2022. 200p. $27.95 cloth. - Tortured Logic: Why Some Americans Support the Use Torture in Counterterrorism. Erin M. Kearns and Joseph K. Young. New York: Columbia 2020. 336p. 105.00 Volume 20 Issue 4

In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States the terms of terrorism and insurgency have become part of the everyday American lexicon and for that matter much of the international community’s as well. So common has the usage of these terms become that it would appear they are almost interchangeable if not the same. There is, however, a distinction between a terrorist a...

This paper analyses the counter-terrorism systems in Spain and Poland. This comparative study looks at legal, institutional, and conceptual solutions. In particular, criminal legal regulations and various institutions fighting terrorism are analysed, as are the main goals and tasks of these bodies. The paper shows the scale of terrorist incidents and evolution of terrorist threats in both count...

(and analogously for λmin) exists for almost all sequences and is independent of the initial (finite) choice of x(0). This result shows that, in principle, it is possible to calculate the efficiency measures discussed above. The main difference is that, although the Lyapunov exponents exist, there is no nice prescription for their calculation. The development of efficient numerical algorithms i...