This paper presents a Big Bang Big Crunch concept based search algorithm for automatic generation of structural software tests. Test cases are symbolically generated by measuring fitness of individuals with the help of branch distance based objective function. Evaluation of the test generator was performed using ten real world programs. Some of these programs had large ranges for input variable...

A possibility of existence of ultra-heavy (quasi)stable particles, mechanisms leading to their large lifetime , their production in the early universe, and cosmological manifestations are reviewed.

The early universe provides a unique laboratory for probing the frontiers of particle physics in general and neutrino physics in particular. The primordial abundances of the relic nuclei produced during the first few minutes of the evolution of the Universe depend on the electron neutrinos through the chargedcurrent weak interactions among neutrons and protons (and electrons and positrons and n...

Observations of clusters and super clusters of galaxies have indicated that the Universe is more dominated by baryons than ever estimated in the homogeneous cosmological model for primordial nucleosynthesis. Recent detections of possibly low deuterium abundance in Lyman-α clouds along the line of sight to high red-shift quasars have raised another potential difficulty that He is overproduced in...

Radiative capture in the big bang and the Sun

The past decade has seen a variety of operating modifications for Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) processes, including Three-Zone, VARICOL, and PowerFeed. In recent studies, we have shown that these can all be embedded within a superstructure optimization problem with timevariant flow rates. Moreover, the resulting dynamic optimization problem has yielded a number of interesting and useful insights ...

ANKIND HAS ALWAYS been fascinated with looking back in time. Historians and archaeologists use historical records and artifacts to trace back the evolution of mankind. Biologists use evolutionary theory to describe the development of life on Earth. The Earth is relatively young by astronomical standards, about 4.6 billion years, and the Universe is even older. It is believed that the Universe w...

For two decades the hot big-bang model as been referred to as the standard cosmology – and for good reason. For just as long cosmologists have known that there are fundamental questions that are not answered by the standard cosmology and point to a grander theory. The best candidate for that grander theory is inflation + cold dark matter; it can extend our understanding of the Universe back to ...