Introduction: Variceal bleeding from esophageal varices has high morbidity and mortality. There are invasive non methods by which risk of can be predicted. Upper Gastro-intestinal endoscopy is invasive, uncomfortable expensive procedure though being the gold standard to screen Esophageal Varices (EV).
 Aims: To know role non-invasive markers for prediction variceal bleed with liver cirrhos...

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) is defined as occult or overt bleeding of unknown origin that persists or recurs despite negative primary radiological and endoscopic studies. It can be classified into two different clinical forms: obscure-overt OGIB, defined as visible passage of blood (ie, melena or hematochezia) and obscure-occult OGIB, manifested by irondeficiency anemia or positive...

Capsule endoscopy is a diagnostic method of increasing use nowadays, with various applications such as, evaluation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic diarrhea and anemia. The experience of 4 years is reported in a retrospective review of 109 medical records to determine the main indications and the most common diagnostic findings and the percentage of positive studies. The main indic...

Background: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a common medical and surgical emergency. The aim of the study is to comprehend the aetiology of upper gastrointestinal bleeding by endoscopy and to evaluate the different endoscopic modalities for the management of upper gastrointestinal bleed. Methods: In 117 haemo-dynamically stable patients with the history of upper gastro-intestinal bleed endos...

Open Access Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) is defined as overt or obscure gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown origin despite an initial endoscopic evaluation including colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The majority of patients with OGIB have a bleeding source in the small intestine. In past decades, the evaluation of the small bowel was extremely limited because of difficul...

Angiodysplasia (AD) is increasingly being recognized as a major cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. Morphologically flat lesions are common types of AD, whereas the polypoid types are rare. We report a case of multiple polypoid AD in the small bowel causing severe anemia and requiring surgical treatment. A 60-year-old male patient visited our hospital with dyspnea and hematochezia. He had a his...

Microencapsulation as one of the most modern methods has considerable effects on probiotic survival. In this study Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 39392) and Bifidobacterium bifidum (ATCC 29521) were encapsulated using calcium alginate-gelatinized starch, chitosan coating and inulin via emulsion technique, and were incubated in simulated gastric juice (along with pepsin, pH=1.5) and simulated intesti...