Development of the nervous system involves specification of distinct classes of neurons at defined locations within the central nervous system (CNS). In the head–trunk-transitory region accessory nerve (XI) display a unique axonal trajectory in that they ascend along the lateral margin of the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata. At present, we lack a detailed description of early emergence an...

Primary headaches are a type of headache that occurs independently, without any other underlying medical condition or injury. They major concern due to their prevalence in the population and potential cause significant disruption daily life. In past years, new techniques have been developed utilize sonography diagnosing treating disorders. Some recent publications appeared on use ultrasound blo...

Treatment of postdural puncture headaches involves oral or intravenous (IV) fluid or caffeine-containing analgesics, micro-catheterization of spinal space, epidural administration of blood obtained from the patient, or epidural blood patch and fiberoptic imaging-guided epidural interventional techniques. Epidural blood patch is, to date, the most effective treatment, but it is an invasive proce...

Objectives We report our institutional experience with calcifying pseudoneoplasms of the skull base that presented with cranial neuropathies. These lesions are also known as fibro-osseous lesions, cerebral calculi, or brain stones. Results One patient presented with facial numbness and retro-orbital pain secondary to compression of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve at the anterior po...

Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been used for the treatment of various neuropathic pain disorders, including occipital neuralgia, for the patients who failed less-invasive therapeutic approaches. Several different mechanisms of pain relief were proposed when PNS is used to treat occipital neuralgia and clinical studies using various types of electrical leads suggested largely positive cl...

A case of nerve sheath myxoma occurring in occipital region in 70-yr-old woman is presented. The tumor showed typical lobular and myxoid morphology. Immunohistochemically, it showed unusual coexpression of Schwann cell markers S100 protein and GFAP with perineural cell markers EMA and claudin-1. CD34+ fibroblast-like cells were scarce, and nerve axons were not found in the tumor. Clinical patho...

A syndrome of unilateral upper nuchal or occipital pain, with or without numbness in these areas, accompanied by simultaneous ipsilateral numbness of the tongue is explicable by compression of the second cervical root in the atlantoaxial space on sharp rotation of the neck. Afferents fibres from the lingual nerve travelling via the hypoglossal nerve to the second cervical root provide a plausib...

Trigeminal neuropathy is a condition characterized by sensory disturbance in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve (1). It can be caused by a wide variety of conditions, including trauma, tumours, connective tissue disorders, infections or neurovascular conflict. In many cases, however, no obvious cause is found. A case is presented in which a patient with idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy un...