Researchers have generally agreed the hippocampus is essential in developing memory. The skull envelopes the brain all of which has four lobes: frontal, occipital, partial, and temporal. Each lobe serves a function; Lobe 1-frontal: rationale and personality; Lobe 2-occipital: visual perception; Lobe 3-parietal: sensory perception and integration of the visual and sensory systems; and Lobe 4-tem...

PURPOSE We aimed to define the possible risk factors for acute and remote seizures in patients with cerebral vein and sinus thrombosis (CVST). METHOD Ninety-four patients were recruited prospectively at Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, between April 2007 and April 2012. To identify seizure predictors, we compared demographic, clinical and imaging factors between patients with or without acut...

PURPOSE We studied the electroclinical features and evolution in patients with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) associated with electroencephalographic findings similar to those of benign focal epilepsies (BFE) with or without clinical manifestations compatible with these focal idiopathic syndromes. METHODS Between June 1994 and June 2002, we found 203 (3.6%) patients with typical electroclin...

Objective Contactin-associated-protein-like 2 (CASPR2)-antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is characterized by diverse clinical manifestations with involvement of both central and peripheral nerve systems. Background Furthermore, approximately 50-55% the patients this condition present an abnormal brain MRI including bilateral/unilateral T2-hyperintensity in mesial temporal lobes, th...

BACKGROUND Reading epilepsy is a rare form of epilepsy, classified among idiopathic, age- and localisation-related (partial) epilepsies as a reflex epilepsy syndrome. Seizures usually consist of myoclonic jerks restricted to the jaw. However, distinct ictal features including visual symptoms and paroxysmal a- or dyslexia are described in some patients. The anatomical substrate of ictogenesis in...

Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome (AHS), first described over 80 years ago is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the triad of refractory seizures, neuro-developmental regression and hepatic failure. AHS is now known to be caused by mutations in the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of polymerase gamma (POLG1), an important mitochondrial DNA replication enzyme. The p...

Objective Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is characterized by typical radiologic findings in the posterior regions of the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. The symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, focal neurologic deficits, and seizures. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and radiological features of PRES in children and to emph...

PURPOSE The selection of ideal candidates for extratemporal resective epilepsy surgery is a challenge in resource-poor countries because of the limited presurgical diagnostic facilities and their affordability. To audit the presurgical evaluation strategy and selection for extratemporal resective epilepsy surgery in a resource-poor region. METHODS From the prospective database maintained at a...

A man with intermittent right parieto-occipital seizures was monitored by electroencephalography while he received 60 trials of being touched on the right, left, or both hands. Half of the trials were given during a focal seizure, and half were given interictally. While the patient was having seizures, he appropriately responded to all 10 stimuli delivered to the right hand, but four of 10 resp...