The recent global crisis, as a big crash ( Baldwin and Simon , 2009), has reduced foreign demand growth affecting total countries’ exports. Given the importance of foreign trade to nations and the reality that recent crisis has affected international trade we study the effects of the global financial crisis on trade relations between countries by using Ma and Cheng (2003) approach and by appl...

Based on an institutional perspective, this study examines the influence of social desirability entrepreneurship early-stage entrepreneurs’ internationalization and moderating role home country economic freedom. Using data from 45,454 entrepreneurs in 48 countries for period 2005–2016, we find that negatively affects internationalization, freedom positively moderates relationship. The contribut...

The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries all over the World: First Results over the Period 1999 to 2003 Using the DYMIMIC approach, estimates of the shadow economy in 145 developing, transition, developed OECD countries, South Pacific islands and still communist countries are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (in percent of official GDP) over 2002/2003 in developing cou...

â â â â â  abstract: â  as the number of independent countries increases and their economies become more integrated, we would expect to observe more multi-country currency ::::union::::s. this paper explores the pros and cons for different countries to adopt as an anchor the us dollar, the euro or the yen. in addition, it addresses the question of how co-movement of outputs and prices would res...

the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of financial liberalization on exchange rate volatilities of the selected developing countries, which are now known as liberalizing countries. thus we test the hypothesis in which financial liberalization effect exchange rate volatilities in 43 selected developing countries during 1996-2005. accordingly, a regression model of exchange rate vol...

In this paper, we address the question that does FDI alone affect economic growth or interaction of FDI and human capital is required to boost economic growth. We develop the model with an expanding variety of products. We estimate the model using some advanced tests utilizing data on FDI flows from developed countries. We find stronger complementary effects between FDI and human capital on the...