the purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of long-run movements in the parallel market premium in the pre-and-post revolution iranian economy. the paper suggests that the premium is affected by both real and monetary shocks. non-spurious co-integration results indicate that negative oil revenue shocks and a revolution-induced exogenous capital outflow caused the parallel market paralle...

Iran's Constitution emphasises on social justice and obliges Government to provide job for every citizen. But in fact, government duty to provide jobs has changed to the governments' supportive measure for creating new employment opportunities through subsidized loans to private sector. By now this policy has not been successful and the current stock of the unemployed is about 3 million (12.75 ...

 Taxation is one of the significant phenomena in any economy as it not only generates revenues for existing government, but also serves as a fiscal tool and stabilization policy. One of the main types of taxation is the petroleum tax which accounts for more than 30% of revenue for developed countries and more than 85% for developing economies. This work focuses on petroleum producing giants in ...

considered supply chain in this article consists of one vendor and multiple retailers where the vendor applies vendor managed inventory. considering vendor as a leader and retailers as followers, stackelberg game theory is applied for modeling and analyzing this system. a general mixed integer nonlinear model is developed which can optimizes the performance of the system under revenue sharing c...

The Levy Economics Institute Working Paper Collection presents research in progress by Levy Institute scholars and conference participants. The purpose of the series is to disseminate ideas to and elicit comments from academics and professionals. The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, founded in 1986, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, independently funded research organization devoted to publ...

This technical note describes CRM at a high level and how tax administrations can implement framework to significantly strengthen revenue outcomes. A administration’s primary role is collect revenues on behalf of government fund the country’s social economic goals. Taxpayers are expected comply with their obligations as stated in law. Compliance degree which taxpayers meet obligations, whether ...