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It is shown that the Ritz projection onto spaces of piecewise linear finite elements is bounded in the Sobolev space, Wp\ for 2 <p < oo. This implies that for functions in W¿ n Wp the error in approximation behaves like 0(h) in Wx, for 2 <p =c oo, and like 0(h2) in Lp, for 2 *íp < oo. In all these cases the additional logarithmic factor previously included in error estimates for linear finite e...

Introduction Osteoid osteoma (OO) is a benign lesion accounting for approximately 12% of benign skeletal neoplasms [1]. OO maybe in different localizations involving mainly long bones of the extremities and posterior elements of the vertebrae, mostly at the thoracic and lumbar region. Localization in the vertebral body is unusual [2]. In this article a case of OO localized in the thoracic verte...

In this paper we present the consequences of unifying the representation of the schema and the instance levels of an object-oriented (OO) database to the formal representation of OO database model. The uniform representation of the schema and the instance levels of OO databases is achieved, as in the frame-based knowledge representation languages 13], by representing them using a uniform set of...

Vendors and developers alike profess a profound shift in the paradigm of systems analysis, design, and programming based on object-oriented techniques. A survey was sent to over 1200 IS professionals with an expressed interest in OO. The results of the questionnaire provided descriptive information on their level of experience with OO in use in the ®eld and also to garnered professional percept...

In this paper we describe and evaluate some recently innovated coupling metrics for object oriented OO design The Coupling Between Objects CBO metric of Chidamber and Kemerer C K are evaluated empirically using ve OO systems and compared with an alternative OO design metric called NAS which measures the Number of Associations between a class and its peers The NAS metric is directly collectible ...

We describe a (meta) formalism for defining a variety of (object oriented) data models in a unified framework based on a variation of first-order logic. As specific example we use an extended OO model, NORM, involving entities, lexical types, constraints and message passing. We illustrate how essential properties of object orientation such as information hiding, encapsulation, inheritance and b...

It is said that objects occur naturally, meaning that good Object Oriented (OO) model reflects reality. The person who best understands reality is the domain manager; unfortunately he is not computer savvy. This paper attempts to make the manager aware of fundamentals of OO thinking so that he/she feels confident of attempting a first cut OO model of the intended application. Every manager worr...

The object-oriented (OO) paradigm has now reached maturity. OO software products are becoming more complex which makes their evolution effort and time consuming. In this respect, it has become important to develop tools that allow assessing the stability of OO software (i.e., the ease with which a software item can evolve while preserving its design). In general, predicting the quality of OO so...