Abstract Background: Tramadol is a centrally acting opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to sever pain. It has more advantage and less opioid adverse effects than conventional opioid analgesia. Case Report: This article reports a patient with tramadol dependency that had psychosis after tramadol withdrawal. Conclusion: By the increase of tramadol usage for relief of chronic pain, t...

background: a number of drugs are used to control opioid withdrawal symptoms during detoxification. tramadol, as a partial opioid agonist, has been widely used to manage acute and chronic pains. the present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of tramadol in methadone-assisted detoxification.   methods: in a double-blind randomized clinical trial 72 opioid-dependent patients as define...

BACKGROUND Recent studies in the outpatient setting have demonstrated high rates of opioid prescribing and overdose-related deaths. Prescribing practices in hospitalized patients are unexamined. OBJECTIVE To investigate patterns and predictors of opioid utilization in nonsurgical admissions to US hospitals, variation in use, and the association between hospital-level use and rates of severe o...

background substance use among college students in iran is a serious problem. determining the pattern of substance use among university students is an important issue for implementing prevention and treatment programs. objectives the present survey attempts to determine the prevalence of substance usage and associated risk factors among the students of jahrom university of medical sciences and ...

Prescription opioid analgesics are used to treat pain from surgery, injury, and health conditions such as cancer. Opioid dependence and opioid-related deaths are growing public health problems. Opioid analgesic sales (in kilograms per 10,000) quadrupled from 1999 to 2010 (1), and from 1999 to 2012, opioid-related deaths (per 100,000) more than tripled (2). During 1999–2002, 4.2% of persons aged...

Opioid drugs such as heroin interact directly with opioid receptors whilst other addictive drugs, including marijuana, alcohol and nicotine indirectly activate endogenous opioid systems to contribute to their rewarding properties. The opioid system therefore plays a key role in addiction neurobiology and continues to be a primary focus for NIDA-supported research. Opioid receptors and their pep...

BACKGROUND The use of opioid analgesics in the treatment of chronic pain conditions has long been controversial. They have been reported to be relatively safe when prescribed with caution, but a brief and valid instrument to estimate a person's risk of addiction is still missing. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate a self-rating questionnaire allowing an estimation of a person'...

Although exposure to a recent major life event is one of the strongest known risk factors for depression, many people who experience such stress do not become depressed. Moreover, the biological mechanisms underlying differential emotional reactions to social adversity remain largely unknown. To investigate this issue, we examined whether the endogenous opioid system, which is known to influenc...

conclusions the prevalence of hbv, hiv, and psychiatric disorders in our study group was lower than in previous reports. this may be because we entered participants from private mmt centers. therefore, our results are not generalizable to other populations. nevertheless, hcv prevalence was higher, and our results lead us to recommend that training programs be planned to prevent the outbreak of ...

objectives: the relationship between suicidal attempt and opioid use disorder in patients with bipolar disorder (bd) is unknown. this study aimed at shedding some light on this issue. method:178 inpatients aged 18-65 with bd type i with or without opioid use disorders were face-to-face interviewed through the persian structured clinical interview for dsm-iv axis i disorders (scid-i), the global...