Sweden is often commended for the inclusion of home languages in formal education system: both mother tongue instruction (where a pupil’s language taught as an optional school subject) and study guidance pupil given content support their or prior schooling) are offered. Still, while many national educational policies supportive multilingualism, enactment on ground problematic. The attitudes bel...

Let Q be the set of equivalent martingale measures for a given process S, and let X be a process which is a local supermartingale with respect to any measure in Q. The optional decomposition theorem for X states that there exists a predictable integrand φ such that the difference X−φ ·S is a decreasing process. In this paper we give a new proof which uses techniques from stochastic calculus rat...

A general set of distribution-free conditions is described under which an i.i.d. sequence of random variables is preserved under optional skipping. 1. Introduction and motivation. This paper discusses a general set of conditions under which an i.i.d. sequence of random variables ξ 1 , ξ 2 ,. .. , taking values in a measurable space (X, B), with common distribution F , is preserved under " optio...

Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) provide students with activities to improve their learning (e.g., reading texts, watching videos or solving exercises). But VLEs usually also provide optional activities (e.g., changing an avatar profile or setting goals). Some of these have a connection with the learning process, but are not directly devoted to learning concepts (e.g., setting goals). Few w...

The present investigation deals with the performance prediction of finite Markovian retrial queues with unreliable server. The arrivals of the customers follow geometric distribution while the service pattern follows exponential distribution. The customers are served in two stages i.e. first essential service (FES) which is compulsory for all the arriving customers and second optional service (...

Note: this routine uses optional parameters to define choices in the problem specification and in the details of the algorithm. If you wish to use default settings for all of the optional parameters, you need only read Section 1 to Section 9 of this document. Refer to the additional Section 10, Section 11 and Section 12 for a detailed description of the algorithm, the specification of the optio...