Inflammation of the skin induces release and extrasynaptic spread of neuropeptides such as substance P mainly in spinal laminae I and II and causes changes in discharge properties of nociceptive neurons in spinal dorsal horn. To evaluate the role of extrasynaptic substance P we have superfused the spinal cord at recording segment with artificial cerebrospinal fluid or with substance P. A total ...

Three papers in the Journal this month consider issues related to measuring, understanding and treating mental ill health in childhood. Baron-Cohen et al (pp. 500–509) undertook a study to establish the prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions in Cambridgeshire using two case ascertainment methods. First, a survey of individuals on the Special Educational Needs register and second, a screening ...

Globally little is known regarding substance use service providers’ perceptions of substitute behaviours and this significant gap could hinder provision recovery outcomes. Semi-structured focus group discussions (including 22 providers across five sites) were conducted in residential treatment facilities the Western Cape, South Africa. Service recognised substances (e.g. cigarettes caffeine) ga...

Background: Recent evidence shows that the prevalence of substance abuse is 2.1% in Iranians aged 15-64 years, while reported rates are higher in studies that target industrial workplaces. Our study intends to provide a national picture of substance use among industrial workers in Iran.    Methods: This survey was designed to collect data through interviews and dipstick urine tests. Using a mu...

Fritz Pregl received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in the year 1923 because he had improved earlier methods of quantitative organic microanalysis, thus making possible the study of substances which are available only in small quantities (3-5 mg). The same quantity of substance, which had formerly been sufficient for only one analysis, from that time on could be used for more than 500 analyses. ...

The combined effects of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecium, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and organic acids (sorbic and citric acid) on intestinal morphology and expression of immune-related genes were investigated. One-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: birds not receiving probiotic or organic acids (control; T1), or birds rec...

OBJECTIVE Research indicates that low parental monitoring increases the risk for early substance use. Because low parental monitoring tends to co-occur with other familial and neighborhood factors, the specificity of the association is challenging to establish. Using logistic regression and propensity score analyses, we examined associations between low parental monitoring and early substance u...

in recent years, surplus usage of chemical fertilizers and inattention the importance organic matter to improve soil fertility, leading to increasing use of chemical fertilizer, environmental pollution and etc. in order to study the different fertilizer levels (organic, chemical and combined) on yield of grain corn (s.c.704) experiment was conducted at the research farm faculty of agriculture t...

CONTEXT Although alcohol and drug use by young people has been associated with sexual risk behavior in some research, detailed data are lacking on the timing of substance use in relationship to sexual risk-taking. METHODOLOGY Cross-sectional data on 7,441 unmarried young people aged 14-22 from the 1992 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (household supplement) were used in the analysis. Alcohol and ot...

Substance concentrations of plasma cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) were measured in 94 healthy individuals without occupational exposure to known inhibitors (six samples from each individual). Immunoreactive cholinesterase substance concentrations showed an inter-individual variation corresponding to CVtotal = 22% (mean: 5.01 mg/l, SD: 1.11 mg/l). Intra-individual variations of immunoreactive choli...