A cross-modal naming experiment was conducted to further verify the effects of context and other lexical information in the processing of Chinese homophones during spoken language comprehension. In this experiment, listeners named aloud a visual probe as fast as they could, at a pre-designated point upon hearing the sentence, which ended with a spoken Chinese homophone. Results further support ...

Over the past twenty years, there have been numerous discoveries and theoretical proposals for modals in Romance and Germanic languages, as well as for conditionals and counterfactuals. But there has been little attempt to produce a compositional account of counterfactuals from an account of the meanings for the conditional and the modals.1 Here we present a detailed, dynamic semantics for moda...

Demonstratives, in particular gestures that “only” accompany speech, are not a big issue in current theories of grammar. If we deal with gestures, fixing their function is one big problem, the other one is how to integrate the representations originating from different channels and, ultimately, how to determine their composite meanings. The growing interest in multi-modal settings, computer sim...

One difference between natural and formal languages is that natural languages are ambiguous in many respects, one of them being the ambiguity of sentences with more than one logic operator. In this paper we focus on sentences containing negation and modal operators and their interpretation by 4and 5-years old. In many cases, a sentence with multiple operators is ambiguous and grammars of human ...

Automatic understanding of multi-modal input is the central topic in modern human computer interfaces. But the basic questions about how the interpretations provided by diierent modalities can be connected in a universal and robust manner is still an open problem. The most intuitive input modalities, speech perception and vision, can only be correlated on a qualitative content based interpretat...

abstracttask-based language teaching is considered an effective way to achieve a harmony between grammar and communication. the present study investigates two different ways of teaching modal verbs: task-based versus traditional approaches. to this purpose, an oxford placement test was administered to select 40 homogeneous participants out of a larger population who took this test. the selected...

the ambient vibration measurement is a kind of output data-only dynamic testing where the traffics and winds are used as agents responsible for natural or environmental excitation. therefore an experimental modal analysis procedure for ambient vibration testing needs to base itself on output-only data. the modal analysis involving output-only measurements present a challenge that requires the u...

Necessitism is the view that necessarily everything is necessarily something; contingentism is the negation of necessitism. The dispute between them is reminiscent of, but clearer than, the more familiar one between possibilism and actualism. A mapping often used to ‘translate’ actualist discourse into possibilist discourse is adapted to map every sentence of a first-order modal language to a s...

Abstract Task-based language teaching is considered an effective way to achieve a harmony between grammar and communication. The present study investigates two different ways of teaching modal verbs: task-based versus traditional approaches. To this purpose, an Oxford Placement Test was administered to select 40 homogeneous participants out of a larger population who took this test. The selecte...

Grounded language learning bridges words like ‘red’ and ‘square’ with robot perception. The vast majority of existing work in this space limits robot perception to vision. In this paper, we build perceptual models that use haptic, auditory, and proprioceptive data acquired through robot exploratory behaviors to go beyond vision. Our system learns to ground natural language words describing obje...