The rising trend of projects with high-skilled and autonomous contributors increasingly exposes managers to the risk of idiosyncratic individual behaviors. In this paper, we examine the e ects of an important behavioral factor, an individual's cost salience. Cost salience leads individuals to perceive the cost of immediate e ort to be larger than the cost of future e ort. This leads to procrast...

We analyse pricing, e¤ort and tipping decisions at the online service "Google Answers". Users set a price for the answer to their question ex ante, and they can additionally tip the researcher who provided the answer ex post. A positive wage-e¤ort relationship is frequently found in laboratory giftexchange games, yet …eld evidence for reciprocity in two-stage settings is mixed. Our …eld data co...

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) is a respiratory pathogen which has been isolated throughout the world from numerous bird species. The present study was designed to investigate molecular and phylogenetic characterization of ORT isolates from turkey, quail, partridge and domestic pigeon. For this purpose, one bacterial strain from each bird species which was isolated in a previous work was...

We examine the ratchet e¤ect arising from moral hazard and symmetric learning about a new technology. A principal and agent are symmetrically uncertain about the di¢ culty of a new job. If the agent shirks, this increases his future payo¤s since the principal will, on average, believe that the job is harder than it actually is. So shirking must be deterred by high-powered incentives. These indu...

This paper develops a theory why innovation often takes place in new rms that depend overproportionally on external nance usually supplied by specialist intermediaries called venture capitalists. It is argued that innovative projects are characterized by two features: uncertainty that is resolved through a learning by doing process and private bene ts for the entrepreneur from running the proje...

49401 Running title: ort (hclA)-encoded histamine receptor subunit

Es wird die aufeinanderfolgende Messung (Aussonderung) der komplementären Observablen Ort und Impuls eines Teilchens im Zustand ψ untersucht. Dabei werden obere Schranken für die bedingte Wahrscheinlichkeit (P) bestimmt, das Teilchen mit dem Impuls k und der Genauigkeit ∆k zu registrieren, nachdem unmittelbar zuvor eine Messung des Teilchens am Ort q mit der Genauigkeit ∆q erfolgte. Für beliebi...

When designing incentives for heterogeneous agents facing competition there is a con‡icting interaction: as the more able are incentivized the less able are disincentivized. I label the former the "incentive e¤ect" and the latter the "discouragement e¤ect." Such adverse interaction becomes severe in the face of participants having convex costs of e¤ort or capacity constraints, larger contests, ...

Experimental tests of dynamically inconsistent time preferences have largely relied on choices over time-dated monetary rewards. Several recent studies have failed to find the standard patterns of present bias. However, such monetary studies contain oftendiscussed confounds. In this paper, we sidestep these confounds and investigate choices over consumption (real e↵ort) in a longitudinal experi...