The objective of this study was to investigate the significance of inner and outer phase pressure, as well as interfacial film strength on W/O/W multiple emulsion stability using microscopy and long-term stability tests. It was observed that immediately upon applying a coverslip to samples the multiple droplets deformed and there was coalescence of the inner aqueous droplets. Under certain cond...

Polyelectrolyte gels are known to undergo significant conformational changes in response to external stimuli such as pH, temperature, or the dielectric constant. Specifically, an increase of the degree of ionization associated with an increasing number of counterions leads to swelling of the network. For a macroscopically large gel, which is electrostatically neutral in its interior, swelling i...

It has been shown by a comparison of the relative vapor pressures of egg yolk and egg white before and after the addition of sodium chloride to the white that the osmotic pressure of the yolk is greater than that of the white.

Reticular content was sampled in cows before and 2 and 5 hours after they were fed various forages. Dry matter, particle size distribution, pH, osmotic pressure and viscosity of the liquid phase were measured. Consistency was also evaluated using purpose-built apparatus. The contents were fractionated by vertical distribution under gravity and by intermittent flow through an orifice into fracti...

We present a combined experimental and computational study of the bundling of F-actin filaments induced by lysozyme proteins. Synchrotron small-angle x-ray scattering results show that these bundles consist of close-packed columnar complexes in which the actin is held together by incommensurate, one-dimensional arrays of lysozyme macroions. Molecular dynamics simulations of a coarse-grained mod...

Fouling of nanofiltration (NF) membranes is the most significant obstacle to the development of a sustainable and energy-efficient NF process. Colloidal fouling and performance decline in NF processes is complex due to the combination of cake formation and salt concentration polarization effects, which are influenced by the properties of the colloids and the membrane, the operating conditions o...

It has been assumed that gelatin consists of a network of an insoluble material enclosing a solution of a more soluble material. The swelling of gelatin is therefore primarily an osmotic phenomena in that the water tends to diffuse in owing to the osmotic pressure of the soluble material. This osmotic pressure is opposed by the elasticity of the insoluble constituent, and equilibrium results wh...

Various ingredients and roughages of known chemical composition have been analysed by several physical methods: particle density, particle size, water holding capacity, feed solubilisation and osmotic pressure. Some of these methods already exist and have been adapted and others have been newly developed. All of the methods are quite easy to perform and the results are very repeatable. The data...

The effect of pH on membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) was investigated in this study. It was found that, pH increase slightly increased the resistance of virgin membrane and fouled membrane. Pore clogging resistance was quite low, which was not apparently affected by the pH variation. Lower pH resulted in higher adherence of sludge flocs on membrane surface. Thermodynami...

The permeability of solids has long been associated with a diffusive process involving activated mechanism as originally envisioned by Eyring. Tensile stress can affect the activation energy but definitive experiments of the diffusion rate of species through a stressed solid are lacking. Here we use core-shell (liquid core-solid shell) colloidal particles that are sensitive to osmotic pressure ...