This paper empirically analyses entry by generic firms into the strictly regulated Spanish pharmaceutical market. We estimate a fixed effects negative binomial entry model using a panel of 77 active ingredient markets during the period 1999– 2005. The results show that generic entry depends positively on revenues, the age of themarket, and the number of previous brand-name competitors, and nega...

Many studies have argued that relative income predicts individual well-being. More recently, it has been suggested that the relative rank of an individual’s income, rather than how that income compares to a mean or reference income, is important. Here the relative rank hypothesis is examined along with the additional hypothesis that individuals compare their incomes predominantly with those of ...

Homologous recombination affects myriad aspects of genome evolution, from standing levels of nucleotide diversity to the efficacy of natural selection. Rates of crossing over show marked variability at all scales surveyed, including species-, population-, and individual-level differences. Even within genomes, crossovers are nonrandomly distributed in a wide diversity of taxa. Although intra- an...

A meta-analysis assessed the behavioral impact of and psychological processes associated with presenting words connected to an action or a goal representation. The average and distribution of 352 effect sizes (analyzed using fixed-effects and random-effects models) was obtained from 133 studies (84 reports) in which word primes were incidentally presented to participants, with a nonopposite con...

This paper presents an industrial application of “Dysfunction Mode and Effects Critical Analysis” (DMECA) to determine and analyze possible dysfunctions in a complex management process. The approach conceptually derived from the Failure Mode and Effect Critical Analysis (FMECA) technique. DMECA enables user to analyze all possible dysfunctions of management processes, identify the subsequent ef...

Consider a generalized linear model with a canonical link function, containing both fixed and random effects. In this paper, we consider inference about the fixed effects based on a conditional likelihood function. It is shown that this conditional likelihood function is valid for any distribution of the random effects and, hence, the resulting inferences about the fixed effects are insensitive...

Received analyses based on stochastic frontier modeling with panel data have relied primarily on results from traditional linear fixed and random effects models. This paper examines extensions of these models that circumvent two important shortcomings of the existing fixed and random effects approaches. The conventional panel data stochastic frontier estimators both assume that technical or cos...

Fast and steady economic growth in China during the 1990s attracted much international attention. Given the scarcity of resources, it is important for economic growth to depend on production efficiency improvement to achieve sustainability. As China is the world’s second largest foreign capital recipient, foreign capital plays an important role in investment. If economic growth is fuelled by in...

Inference for variance components in linear mixed models of ANOVA type, including estimation and testing, has been investigated when the number of fixed effects is fixed. However, for high-dimensional data, this number is large and would be regarded as a divergent value as the sample size goes to infinity. In this paper, existing tests are extended to handle this problem with a sparse model str...