BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of viral hepatitis worldwide and its genotype 3a is predominant in vast areas of Pakistan. FINDINGS The present study reports the first full sequence of HCV 3a isolate PK-1 from Pakistan. This nucleotide sequence was compared with six other HCV genotype 3a full length sequences from different regions of the world by using statist...

This study provides a descriptive analysis of human capital in different regions of Pakistan. Three different categories of human capital like rural, urban and overall are formed for the four provinces of Pakistan. The study finds visible difference in human capital situation between rural and urban areas of Pakistan. The study suggests that skills of workforce can be boosted through investment...

T he main objective of this paper was the investigation of the impact of the trade openness on economic growth in Pakistan. We have been employed both the Johensen and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Co-integration together with ECM Techniques for the period 1975-2016. The empirical estimated results are the sound evidence that there exists a short...

Medicinal plants are considered as key sources of drugs for the treatment of various ailments worldwide. The flora of Pakistan due to its highly favorable diverse climatic and soil conditions, many topographical regions and ecological zones offer a great variety of medicinal plants [1]. According to a general survey, approximately 6000 flowering plants exist in Pakistan, out of which 400-600 ar...

While enforceable National Environmental Quality Standards for pollutants exist in Pakistan, ambient air quality guidelines have never been established. However, there is no reliable epidemiological/toxicological monitoring system in place in Pakistan to provide a basis for establishing guidelines for various air pollutants. This paper reviews the World Health Organization air quality guideline...

This study examines the relationships between foreign aid, levels of schooling and democracy for Pakistan using the ARDL cointegration approach. The results of study provide strong evidence for fairly robust long run as well as short run relationships among these variables for the period 1973-2008. The results state that foreign aid and primary school enrollments have negative impact on democra...

This article examines the texts used by madrassah or religious schools in Pakistan which are playing a major role in framing the larger part of madrassah students’ worldview. A considerable part of madrassah graduates are busy in what they called it jihad in Afghanistan Northern Pakistan. Comparing these texts with that of the nineteenth century, this study investigates that how a substantial c...

The author has presented a helpful account of the need for an improvement in the research culture in emergency medicine in Pakistan.1 The individual improvement entities that are suggested are all reasonable and are all likely to result in a better situation; however, a more strategic approach might lead to more long lasting and sustainable improvements. The first and foremost step in any strat...

In Pakistan, almost every individual suffers from diarrhoeal diseases, at least once a year (1). Due to poor living conditions and sanitation practices, people of northern areas of Pakistan face health hazards (2). Rates of parasitic and bacterial gastrointestinal infections are very high, and sometimes, outbreaks occur (3). Two of such outbreaks occurred in 1997 and 1999. This study investigat...

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 1997, 50 years after the partitioning of United India from the British Raj. For Pakistan (fig 1), this was also a time to evaluate the health and population status of its people. In Pakistan, during the 1940s, population growth rates begin to accelerate as health improvements lengthened life expectancy and birth rates remained hi...