Joseph Needham [4] was an embryologist and biochemist who is most noted in science for his studies on induction [5] in developing embryos. Needham worked with Conrad Hal Waddington [6] to attempt to identify the compound responsible for the organizer?s activity. Although he was not successful in discovering the chemical, he and Waddington learned much about the organizer [7]. Needham was a meti...

862 NOTICES OF THE AMS VOLUME 47, NUMBER 8 A pril 9, 1900, marks the birth date of H. D. Kloosterman, one of the leading Dutch mathematicians of his generation. At the University of Leiden, where he spent most of his academic life, the centenary of his birth was the occasion for a small celebration, with a discussion by several experts of Kloosterman’s work on number theory, modular forms, and ...

Language is crucial for all established scientific disciplines in contemporary society, particularly epidemiology. Portuguese writer Saramago wrote All the Names, a book about the Conservatória, a gigantic registry that stores the whole life of an entire population. A parallel is made with the first social observatories that used entire populations for systematic observation, permitting the dev...

The English music theorist and philosophical writer Edmund Gurney was the first ‘fulltime’ psychical researcher in history. While he was primarily concerned with empirical evidence for telepathy, Gurney significantly contributed to the late nineteenth-century literature on hallucinations in the sane, and the psychology of hypnotism and dissociation. He conducted the first large-scale survey of ...

Utopia and satire would seem, superficially at least, to be closely related genres. They both reject present forms of human society, and they sometimes make use of similar devices (e. g., the voyage, the stranger's eye). They would seem to differ only in emphasis. Whereas the satirist focuses on criticism, the utopian writer offers an ideal alternative. The implicit social censure embedded in u...

e6 www.thelancet.com Vol 383 January 25, 2014 2·7 million Palestinians live in the West Bank (including 404 000 in East Jerusalem), occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), and 1·7 million in the Gaza Strip, oPt; an estimated 5·1 million Palestinians live in Arab countries, mainly Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria (many now refugees again in Lebanon); and 1·4 million Palestinians live in Israel, where th...

In this paper we present the state of the art in writer identification and verification of handwritten text. In addition, a special and extensive survey of writer identification and verification of Arabic handwritten text is also included. Different feature extraction techniques are addressed showing the different research groups’ efforts as well as individual efforts. The different classificat...

Writer identification is an authorship authentication process based differences and similarities in handwriting. The main issue in writer identification is how to get the features that invariant to the writer. This study proposes Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) based off-line text-dependent to investigate the effectiveness of feature weight in writer identification. BPSO has ability t...

Writer identification is one of the areas in pattern recognition that attract many researchers to work in, particularly in forensic and biometric application, where the writing style can be used as biometric features for authenticating an identity. The challenging task in writer identification is the extraction of unique features, in which the individualistic of such handwriting styles can be a...

In this essay, writer after defining Computer Aided Learning (CAL) terms, has presented a brief history of CAL systems’ development. Then the characteristics of contemporary CAL systems has been discussed and their advantages and disadvantages showed. He also has described path of CAL systems’ development via some examples. The learning revolution and new educational needs, with focus on CAL ro...