This paper investigates the anti-synchronization of identical Pan systems (Pan, Xu and Zhou, 2010) by sliding mode control. The stability results derived in this paper for the anti-synchronization of identical Pan systems are established using Lyapunov stability theory. Since the Lyapunov exponents are not required for these calculations, the sliding mode control method is very effective and co...

Providing adults with relevant information (knowledge that they will be tested at some future time) increases motivation to remember. Research has shown that it is more effective to have this information prior to, rather than after, an encoding phase. We investigated this effect in apes and children in the context of tool-use tasks. In Experiment 1 we presented chimpanzees, orangutans, and bono...

A nonverbal false belief task was administered to children (mean age 5 years) and two great ape species: chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus). Because apes typically perform poorly in cooperative contexts, our task was competitive. Two versions were run: in both, a human competitor witnessed an experimenter hide a reward in one of two containers. When the competitor then lef...

Electrospun nanofiber membranes are employed in a variety of applications due to its unique features. the nanofibers' characterizations effected by polymer solution. The used solvent for dissolving powder is critical preparing precursor In this paper, Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based nanofibers were prepared concentration 10 wt.% using various solvents (NMP, DMF, and DMSO). surface morphology, por...

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (CH3CO·O2NO2, abbreviated as PAN) is a trace molecular species present in the troposphere and lower stratosphere due primarily to pollution from fuel combustion and the pyrogenic outflows from biomass burning. In the lower troposphere, PAN has a relatively short lifetime and is principally destroyed within a few hours through thermolysis, but it can act as a reservoir and c...

Presented here is an investigation into the successful wet spinning and carbonization of a low-cost textile grade (TG-PAN) polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer blended with more traditional carbon fiber (CF-PAN) precursor. Both were performed using continuous pilot scale facilities directly analogous to larger industrial processes which provide validation for further scale-up. The precursor fibers (...

Fusion of skeletal elements provides markers for timing of growth and is one component of a chimpanzee's physical development. Epiphyseal closure defines bone growth and signals a mature skeleton. Most of what we know about timing of development in chimpanzees derives from dental studies on Pan troglodytes. Much less is known about the sister species, Pan paniscus, with few in captivity and a w...