Fe~5 nm!/Si~0.8–2 nm!/Fe~5 nm! structures are grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on Ag~001! buffered GaAs substrates. Ferromagnetic tunneling junctions with crossed electrodes and junction areas ranging from 22 to 225 mm are patterned using photolithography. Antiparallel alignment of the magnetizations due to antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling, which is confirmed by longitudinal magneto-optical...

In this paper, a simple and accurate modeling technique that analyzes a non-rectilinear gate (NRG) transistor with a simplified trapezoidal approximation method is proposed. To approximate a non-rectangular channel shape into a trapezoidal shape, we extract three geometry-dependent parameters from post-lithographic patterns: the minimum channel length from the slices (Lmin), maximum channel len...

This paper presents a method of using the so-called „bacterial algorithm” [4, 5] for extracting the fuzzy rule base from a training set. The class of membership functions is restricted to trapezoidal, as it is general enough and widely used. The pseudobacterial genetic algorithm (PBGA) is show. The PBGA optimises the trapezoidal membership functions in the rules by the bacterial mutation operat...

In this work we are concerned with the numerical solution of a nonlinear weakly singular Volterra integral equation with a nonsmooth solution. We investigate the application of product integration methods and a detailed analysis of the Trapezoidal method is given. In order to improve the numerical results we consider extrapolation procedures and collocation methods based on graded meshes. Sever...

Pericardiotomy is the first essential step for the exposure of the coronary artery in off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) via a median sternotomy. After the dissection of the pericardium from the pleura, a longitudinal pericardiotomy from the apex to the aortic reflection was employed. The pericardiotomy was extended transversely to make a trapezoidal flap. By the traction of the left peric...

In this paper, a numerical method for solving fuzzy Fredholm integral equations of the second kind is introduced. We apply the trapezoidal rule to compute the Riemann integrals.This kind of integral equations convert to a linear system. Then, by solving the linear system , unknowns are determined. Finally, an algorithm is presented to solve the fuzzy integral equation by using the trapezoidal r...

Abstract. In this paper, a new procedure for project scheduling called 'fuzzy cash flow weight' and 'fuzzy discounted cash flow weight' is studied with the aid of generalized trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. A new ranking procedure namely 'SD of PILOT' (Shortest Distance of the Point of Intersection of Legs of Trapezium) is proposed to find out the output of the above said notion. Relevant arithmetic...

The subject of this work is the application of fully discrete Galerkin finite element methods to initial-boundary value problems for linear partial integro-differential equations of parabolic type. We investigate numerical schemes based on the Padé discretization with respect to time and associated with certain quadrature formulas to approximate the integral term. A preliminary error estimate i...

logistics outsourcing has been at the top of the management agenda during recent decades. the selection of the proper service supplier is the key to success in logistic outsourcing firms could select the right supplier by applying appropriate methods and selection criteria. in this paper a new framework is proposed on the basis of weighted additive fuzzy programming approach and linear programm...

Class Sm variable transformations with integer m for finite-range integrals were introduced by the author about a decade ago. These transformations ‘‘periodize’’ the integrand functions in a way that enables the trapezoidal rule to achieve very high accuracy, especially with even m. In a recent work by the author, these transformations were extended to arbitrary real m, and their role in improv...