extended abstract 1. introduction city is a living creature formed through the interaction of different forces in unique substantiality. one of the main aspects of each city is its landscape; urban landscape is the experience of people as the members of society. landscape is an objective and subjective phenomenon that is the part of peoples’ nature in a city. in fact, the process of landscape p...

Parasitic infections of rodents can compromise scientific research as well as the health of the animals and humans. Based on previous studies, infection rate of parasitic helminths is different in various regions of Iran. The current survey was aimed to determine endoparasitic helminths infection in 138 trapped rodents of Kermanshah county, Iran. Mice and rats were trapped using metal snares fr...

Parasitic organisms account for a large portion of living species. They have arisen on multiple independent occasions in many phyla, and thus encompass a huge biological diversity. This review uses several lines of evidence to argue that this vast diversity can be reduced to a few evolutionary end points that transcend phylogenetic boundaries. These represent peaks in the adaptive landscape rea...

the number of bacteria per dauerjuvenile. Preliminary data established similar LD50s and LT50s for X. nematophilus subsp, nematophilus (from the DD 136 strain) and X. nematophilus subsp, nematophilus vat. mexicanus (from the Mexican strain). The absence of toxin production by either S.feltiae strain or bacterial types in a culture medium similar to the host's hemolymph has been reported (5,6). ...

While RNA interference (RNAi) has been deployed to facilitate gene function studies in diverse helminths, parasitic nematodes appear variably susceptible. To test if this is due to inter-species differences in RNAi effector complements, we performed a primary sequence similarity survey for orthologs of 77 Caenorhabditis elegans RNAi pathway proteins in 13 nematode species for which genomic or t...

The calcium-gated potassium channel SLO-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans was recently identified as key component for action of emodepside, a new anthelmintic drug with broad spectrum activity. In this study we identified orthologues of slo-1 in Ancylostoma caninum, Cooperia oncophora, and Haemonchus contortus, all important parasitic nematodes in veterinary medicine. Furthermore, functional analyse...

Helminth parasites rely on fast-synaptic transmission in their neuromusculature to experience the outside world and respond to it. Acetylcholine plays a pivotal role in this and its receptors are targeted by a wide variety of both natural and synthetic compounds used in human health and for the control of parasitic disease. The model, Caenorhabditis elegans is characterized by a large number of...