The reinforcing properties of cocaine can readily become associated with salient environmental stimuli that acquire secondary reinforcing properties. This form of classical conditioning is of considerable clinical relevance as intense craving can be evoked by the presentation of stimuli previously associated with the effects of cocaine. To understand better the neurobiology of cocaine-induced e...

To investigate which brain regions are involved in the anticipatory activity in rats restricted feeding for 2 hr, we examined cFos expression before and after feeding. Only the thalamic paraventricular nucleus (tPVN) showed c-Fos expression before feeding than after feeding. After the anticipatory locomotor activity rhythm was established, lesioning the tPVN attenuated this rhythm, but not the ...