The ability to use tools is one of the hallmarks of intelligence. Tool use is fundamental to human life and has been for at least the last two million years. We use tools to extend our reach, to amplify our physical strength, to transfer objects and liquids, and to achieve many other everyday tasks. A large number of animals have also been observed to use tools (Beck 1980). Some birds, for exam...

this survery investigated the secondary school students attitude regarding parent- adolescent inter-relationships. the study covered 19 town districts in tehran.   following a multi-stage process 150 girls and boys attending secondary school with an age range of 13-15 years were selected randomly.   a two parts questionnaire was developed. the first part covered information on personal and soci...

conclusions maternal physical activity affects children’s physical activity, and is affected by mother’s self-efficacy. yet based on the findings of this study, regarding the role model effects of mothers in children aged 10-12 years, researchers proposed that interventions related to physical activity in children would work better if they are set to increase self-efficacy in mothers, which in ...

The first total syntheses of the indole diterpenoids (+)-shearinine G and D are disclosed. successful routes rely on late-stage coupling two complex fragments. Formation challenging trans-hydrindane motif was accomplished by diastereoselective, intramolecular cyclopropanation. A one-pot sequence consisting Sharpless dihydroxylation/Achmatowicz reaction developed to install dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]oc...

BACKGROUND We investigated the impact of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) on attention, a prerequisite for behavioral and neurocognitive functioning. METHODS Children aged 6 to 13 years who were diagnosed with TBI (n = 113; mean 1.7 years postinjury) were compared with children with a trauma control injury (not involving the head) (n = 53). TBI severity was defined as mild TBI with or w...

It has long been known that a bacterial leaf blight-resistant line in rice obtained from a crossing using 'Asominori' as a resistant parent also has resistance to blast, but a blast resistance gene in 'Asominori' has not been investigated in detail. In the present study, a blast resistance gene in 'Asominori', tentatively named Pias(t), was revealed to be located within 162-kb region between DN...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mexiletine (Mex), an orally effective antiarrhythmic agent used to treat ventricular arrhythmias, has also been found to be effective for myotonia and neuropathic pain. It is extensively metabolized in humans but little information exists about the pharmacodynamic properties of its metabolites. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To determine their contribution to the clinical activi...

Although catecholamine sulfation is higher in the kidney than in the liver of mice, no detectable amounts of previously reported sulfotransferases (STs) such as St1a, St1b, St1c, and St1e were expressed in mouse kidney cytosols. A new sulfotransferase (St1d1) cDNA was isolated from kidney cDNA library of BALB/c strain by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) using information ...

background: in recent years significant medical science advances have been made in the field midwifery and infant care. the premature, low birth weight and ill infants are admitted to the technologically advanced nicu for care and they often require long‑term stay. this study addresses parental experiences with the infant care in nicu, explores their concerns regarding nursing supports for pare...

The distinguishing mechanism of formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is the partitioning of semivolatile hydrocarbon oxidation products between the gas and aerosol phases. While SOA formation is typically described in terms of partitioning only, the rate of formation and ultimate yield of SOA can also depend on the kinetics of both gasand aerosol-phase processes. We present a general eq...