We propose a patch type model for mosquitoes that have aquatic larvae inhabiting ponds. Partial differential equations (PDEs) model the larvae on each of several disconnected patches representing the ponds, with conditions varying in each patch, coupled via the adults in the air. From the PDEs a scalar delay differential equation, with multiple delays, for the total adult mosquito population is...

Climate, topography, vegetation and land use interact to influence fire regimes. Variable fire regimes may promote landscape heterogeneity, diversification in vegetation pattern and biotic diversity. The objective was to compare effects of alternative land use practices on landscape heterogeneity. Patch characteristics of fire scars were measured from 21 annual burn maps produced from 1972 to 2...

1. introduction environmental changes can be monitored at many scales but the scale of landscape and region has more information in support of sustainable spatial planning. the availability of remote sensing imagery provides multi-scale observation with periodic repetitions over time. landscape and regional scales are adequately covered by satellite images. remote sensing images provide non-ave...

The Pinglu Canal is the first artificial canal since founding of People’s Republic China following Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It a major pioneer project for many national strategies, and bears great construction significance. Attractive natural landscape ecological environment, abundant tourism cultural resources along have raised higher environmental requirement its construction. In this st...

The public’s demand for more and better forest landscapes is increasing as scenic forest tours flourish in China, especially in the capital, Beijing. How to improve the quality of scenic forests has become one of the greatest concerns of urban foresters. Although numerous studies have focused on scenic forest management, to date, no reports have been found on developing a quality assessment ind...

A topology optimization method is proposed in this study to miniaturize a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (RMPA) operates at a frequency of 2.4 GHz using Metamaterials (MTMs) composed of complementary resonator. The metamaterial is placed in an intermediate layer between the patch and the ground, binary pixelation approach is used to build the structure of the complementary resonator and i...

Explaining and predicting animal distributions is one of the fundamental objectives in ecology and conservation biology. Animal habitat selection can be regulated by top-down and bottom-up processes, and is mediated by species interactions. Species varying in body size respond differently to top-down and bottom-up determinants, and hence understanding these allometric responses to those determi...