The purpose of this research was to examine the peer processes that occur during bullying episodes on the school playground. These processes were examined from a social learning perspective, allowing us to consider the effects of various types of reinforcement among bullies, victims, and peers. Fifty-three segments of video tape were examined. Each segment contained a peer group (two or more pe...

Peer-to-peer systems in which the peers are truly autonomous have valuable properties, including resistance to certain forms of organizational failure and legal attack. Unfortunately, they can be vulnerable to malign peers. In the context of the LOCKSS system, a peer-to-peer digital preservation system for e-journals, we describe a set of techniques that enable a large population of autonomous ...

ABSTRACT Peer-to-peer networks are networks composed of heterogeneous and autonomous peers that cooperate with each other in a decentralized manner. All peers are both users and providers of resources and can access each other directly without intermediary agents. In the proposed system, we introduce a Self-Organizing Trust model (SORT) that aims to decrease malicious activity in a P2P system b...

Peer-to-peer systems have recently introduced the notion of super-peers to improve search performance. While the benefit to end users is clear, it is not immediately evident who, if anyone, would be motivated to act as a super-peer. On the face of it, super-peers bear a much larger traffic burden than normal peers and receive negligible improvement in search performance when compared to any of ...

The open nature of the peer-to-peer systems exposes them to malicious actions. Here in this paper we introdusing distributed algorithms that can enable peer to get the trustworthiness of other peers based on interactions of those peers in the past with other peers. The peers in the network are able of creating a trust network on their own proximity by the help of the local information it alread...

Peer-to-peer are popular environments for exchanging services. A reputation mechanism is a proper means of discovering low-performing peers that fail to provide their services. In this paper, we present an in-depth and innovative study of how reputation can be exploited so that the right incentives for high performance are provided to peers. Such incentives do not arise if peers exploit reputat...

OBJECTIVES Children learn by observing and imitating others, meaning that their eating behaviors and physical activity may be influenced by their peers. This paper systematically reviews how preschoolers' eating behaviors and physical activity relate to their peers' behaviors, and discusses avenues for future research. METHODS Six databases were searched for quantitative, peer-reviewed studie...

A number of reputation mechanisms are introduced in recent years to alleviate the blindness during peer selection in distributed P2P environment where malicious peers coexist with honest ones. They indeed provide incentives for peers to contribute more resources to the system, and thus, promote the whole system performance. However, little attention has been paid on how to identify the maliciou...

The increasing interest in Peer-to-Peer systems (such as Gnutella) has inspired many research activities in this area. Although many demonstrations have been performed that show that the performance of a Peer-to-Peer system is highly dependent on the underlying network characteristics, much of the evaluation of Peer-to-Peer proposals has used simplified models that fail to include a detailed mo...

A peer-to-peer system can be de ned as an overlay network built by a set of nodes on top of a physical network infrastructure and its operating protocols, such as the Internet. In a peer-to-peer network, each node maintains a limited number of connections with other nodes, called peers, and the graph of peer connections constitutes the overlay's topology. One of the most fundamental properties ...