We report a low-cost, high-throughput scanning probe lithography method that uses a soft elastomeric tip array, rather than tips mounted on individual cantilevers, to deliver inks to a surface in a "direct write" manner. Polymer pen lithography merges the feature size control of dip-pen nanolithography with the large-area capability of contact printing. Because ink delivery is time and force de...

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of betaine, pen space, and preslaughter handling method on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of finishing barrows. For the growth trial, a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used: betaine (0 or 0.250%) and(or) pen space (m2/pig; adequate, 0.035 BW0.67 kg, or inadequate, 0.025 BW0.67 kg). Each treatment was replicated five ti...

BACKGROUND Cervical disc disease is a common and occasionally disabling condition, occurring as a natural consequence of aging in the vast majority of the adult population. Percutaneous epidural neuroplasty (PEN) has been used to deliver highly concentrated drugs for chronic neck pain and to prevent scarring in cases refractory to conventional epidural blocks. However, the clinical course after...

BACKGROUND Tolerance to enteral nutrition in the critically ill child with shock has not been studied. The purpose of the study was to analyze the characteristics of enteral nutrition and its tolerance in the critically ill child with shock and to compare this with non-shocked patients. METHODS A prospective, observational study was performed including critically ill children with shock who r...

Current lithography techniques, which employ photon, electron, or ion beams to induce chemical or physical reactions for micro/nano-fabrication, have remained challenging in patterning chemically synthesized colloidal particles, which are emerging as building blocks for functional devices. Herein, we develop a new technique - bubble-pen lithography (BPL) - to pattern colloidal particles on subs...

In order to use handwriting as a universal manmachine interface, we assume a special pen device, called data-embedding pen, which can embed binary data into handwriting as a sequence of invisible ink drops along the handwriting in a real-time manner. This paper describes the assumed hardware, applications, and required technologies of the data-embedding pen. Especially, an accurate stroke recov...

We introduce Electro Pen Nanolithography (EPN), a nanoscale chemical patterning technique. In a single sweep of an ink-coated, biased conducting Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) probe-tip, an underlying thin organic film is oxidized, and the ink molecules are transferred directly to the oxidized regions. Results using trialkoxysilane inks with functional terminal groups are presented, where the sa...

of the ways to fight breast cancer and reduce deaths hazard due to early detection is one of early detection programs in women's breast self- examination. examining breast by oneself increase individuals knowledge of her breast health that helps in detecting breast cancer early. different cultural, social, family and individual factors play roles in women's behavior about breast self- examinati...

This research investigated how the presence, basic features, and match of interface input capabilities to a task domain can either stimulate or impede thinking about science. Students’ hypothesis generation in biology was compared while they used: (1) non-digital paper and pencil tools, (2) a digital paper and pen interface, (3) pen tablet interface, and (4) keyboard-based graphical tablet inte...

BACKGROUND A paucity of data exists to examine nurses' satisfaction with the use of insulin pens with safety needles in hospitalized patients with diabetes. We investigated major determinants of nurses' preference of the method of insulin administration in the context of a General Hospital in Northern Italy. METHODS Consecutive patients admitted to three hospital units of different care inten...