The evolution of resistance against pesticides is an important problem of modern agriculture. The high-dose/refuge strategy, which divides the landscape into treated and nontreated (refuge) patches, has proven effective at delaying resistance evolution. However, theoretical understanding is still incomplete, especially for combinations of limited dispersal and partially recessive resistance. We...

The development of antibiotic and pesticide resistance is often presented as a modern example of evolution by mutations and as clear evidence for Darwinism. A literature review found that most examples of the acquisition of resistance are not due to mutations, but in nearly all cases are a result of complex, built-in genetic and molecular biological defence systems. The extant literature indica...

This review presents methods for the assessment of acute and chronic risk from pesticide residues in food. Multiple pesticide residues can often be found in food. Currently, there is no internationally accepted procedure for the assessment of cumulative exposure to multiple pesticide residues in food. Therefore, risk assessment is based on toxicological evaluation of single compounds in a food ...

Electrochemical immunosensors have emerged as a highly sensitive and rapid technique for chemical contaminants detection in environmental monitoring, food safety and quality control. This review concentrates on recent advances made in detection and quantification of chemical contaminants such as pesticides and antibiotics residues with electrochemical immunosensors. In this paper, the preparati...

Data generated in the UK have indicated that pesticide residue levels can be highly variable between the individual fruit or vegetables from the same crop or lot in trade. Statistical experiments with these data showed that residues in composite samples, taken according to Codex recommendations, are unlikely to differ by more than a factor of 3-4 from the mean level in the lot. This was corrobo...

Pesticides are essential tools in integrated pest management (IPM) programs which can have the great influence if they are used properly. However, the adverse impacts of these compounds on the environment and ecosystem should not be ignored. The ecological effects of pesticides can be discussed from different points of view. Some of the significant consequences of use of pesticides are side eff...