The classical thermodynamic treatment of osmotic pressure is quite sufficient to describe equilibrium situations and compute most quantities of interest without reference to any molecular model (see, for example, Finkelstein, 1987). However, one's intuition is always aided by molecular models, and a microscopic picture can be quite useful when thinking about osmotic flow in unfamiliar situation...

The osmotic pressure of solutions in the ventral sac of the rumen of the conscious cow was varied with Na Cl or mannitol. The mucosal blood flow measured by HTO clearance was minimal when the lumen contained an isotonic solution and rose threefold when the rumen was hypo- or hypertonic to plasma by 150 mosmol/kg. Thus osmotic gradients actoss the rumen epithelium stimulated mucosal blood flow. ...

I t has generally been held in the colloidal literature that different anions of the same valency have different effects on such colloidal properties of proteins as swelling, viscosity, or osmotic pressure, and that the anions could be arranged in definite series according to their influence on these properties. Such series are known under the name of the Hofmeister series. A number of authors ...

We report measurements of the bulk modulus of individual poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels along their swelling transition. The modulus is determined by measuring the volume deformation of the microgel as a function of osmotic pressure using dextran solutions. We find that the modulus softens through the transition, displaying a nonmonotonous behavior with temperature. This feature is corre...

In 1895 Starling (2) first showed that the colloid osmotic pressure of the serum was proportional to the concentration of protein in it. He advanced the theory that decreased osmotic pressure in the serum was responsible for the deposition of water in the tissues. Disagreeing with Starling, Martin Fischer (3) claimed that edema resulted from alteration of the hydrogen ion concentration of blood...