نتایج جستجو برای: pharmaceutical expenditures
تعداد نتایج: 76881 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
estimate was based on prevalence data for URDs for which patented drugs are currently available and for which drugs are in clinical development and hence may be expected to be launched in the foreseeable future. A power function was used to estimate the relation between (decreasing) prevalence and (increasing) cost per patient. For drugs in development, we applied phase duration data and attrit...
OBJECTIVES This study analyses the effect of the Andean countries' June 2003 negotiation of antiretroviral drug (ARV) prices. The objectives were to assess the problems faced during the negotiation process, to evaluate the impact of the negotiation on ARV prices, and to identify factors that could make it difficult for countries to implement the results of the negotiation. METHODS Price infor...
INTRODUCTION European countries need to learn from each other to address unsustainable increases in pharmaceutical expenditures. OBJECTIVE To assess the influence of the many supply and demand-side initiatives introduced across Europe to enhance prescribing efficiency in ambulatory care. As a result provide future guidance to countries. METHODS Cross national retrospective observational stu...
Explaining individual, regional, and provider variation in health care spending is of enormous value to policymakers but is often hampered by the lack of individual level detail in universal public health systems because budgeted spending is often not attributable to specific individuals. Even rarer is self-reported survey information that helps explain this variation in large samples. In this ...
Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine expenditure distribution and inequality changes in Tehran. It separately explored expenditures distribution for health, education, and food in rural and urban areas from 1989 till 2006. Method: Using Household Expenditure Survey conducted by Statistical Center of Iran, expenditure distribution and inequality changes for urban and rur...
BACKGROUND Numerous mechanisms have been introduced to deliver prescription drug benefits while controlling pharmaceutical costs. An understanding of the most prominent mechanisms of benefit management is an important step in determining the most effective approach to take in future years. OBJECTIVES The aims of this review were to illustrate the mechanisms by which managed care has attempted...
MATERIAL AND METHOD Using the survey data obtained from doctors in Connecticut, we estimate the "true" costs of defensive medicine and medical malpractice awards via litigation in the overall aggregate picture of U.S. national annual health expenditures. RESULTS AND DISCUSION Progressives claim that these costs amount only to approximately 2% of total annual health expenditures, while conserv...
Background: The rate of substitution for private and public health expenditures is one of the factors that can explain the different effects of public and private health expenditures on health and life expectancy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to estimate the return to scale, share, and elasticity of the substitution for public and private health expenditures in Iran. Methods: In th...
BACKGROUND Relative to plant-based foods, animal source foods (ASFs) are richer in accessible protein, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin B-12 and other nutrients. Because of their nutritional value, particularly for childhood growth and nutrition, it is important to identify factors influencing ASF consumption, especially for poorer households that generally consume less ASFs. OBJECTIVE To estimat...
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