BACKGROUND The pharmaceutical industry employs >350 000 people worldwide in operations including research and development (R&D), manufacturing, sales and marketing. Workers employed in R&D and manufacturing sectors are potentially exposed to drug substances in the workplace that are designed to modify physiology and also to chemical precursors that are potentially hazardous to health. Pharmaceu...

INTRODUCTION Imagine that CureCo, Inc., is the exclusive seller of a patented product that yields hundreds of millions of dollars per year in revenues. CopyCo International announces its intention to market the product and compete with CureCo. CureCo promptly sues CopyCo for patent infringement. A federal court holds that the patent is invalid, appearing to clear the way for CopyCo to enter the...

In the US, where registration of lobbyists is mandatory, the pharmaceutical industry and private health-care providers spend huge amounts of money seeking to influence health policies and government decisions. In Brazil, where lobbying lacks transparency, there is virtually no data on drug industry expenditure to persuade legislators and government officials of their viewpoints and to influence...

As one of its aspects, the process of European integration has an influence on the legal orders of the Member States, which is often referred to in the literature as the europeization of law. Upon Poland's accession to the structures of the European Union, there have also been radical changes to the Polish legal system. According to the concept of the sources of law in the Polish Constitution a...

The marine environment harbors a number of macro and micro organisms that have developed unique metabolic abilities to ensure their survival in diverse and hostile habitats, resulting in the biosynthesis of an array of secondary metabolites with specific activities. Several of these metabolites are high-value commercial products for the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries. The aim of th...

While much public attention and considerable controversy surround pharmaceutical marketing practices and their impact on physicians, views on the matter have largely been shaped by anecdotal evidence or results from analyses with insufficient controls. Making use of a dynamic fixed effects distributed lag regression model, we empirically assess the role that two central components of pharmaceut...

In order to help prioritize future research efforts within the US, risks associated with exposure to human prescription pharmaceutical residues in wastewater were estimated from marketing and pharmacological data. Masses of 371 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) dispensed in the US in 2004 were estimated from marketing data, and then divided by therapeutic dose rate to normalize for poten...

The increasing prominence of new Internet and social media technologies and their growing importance as a source of health information are pushing the pharmaceutical industry towards digital channels. This paper explores the potential impacts of the pharmaceutical industry’s increasing interest in online marketing and considers how the existing regulatory framework in Canada translates into the...

The pharmaceutical industry is different from most industries where entry has been studied as it involves a time intensive research process with most of the interesting dynamics and firm interactions occurring pre-launch. This paper asks the question: do firms respond to the actions of their competitors in the R&D stages? Measuring the impact of competition on firms’ investment decisions has si...

According to WHO reports, low quality medicines represent about 10% of the global pharmaceutical market of which about 40% were substandard medicines. Most of the studies of quality of medicines recommend development of additional innovative techniques to control the existence of substandard medicines in the market. Based on recent assessment by WHO, systems applied to detect substandard and/or...