The problem of a correct quantum description of the phase difference is examined from the perspective of parameter estimation theory. It is shown that an optimum phase-shift measurement defines a phase difference operator which coincides with other approaches to the same problem. We also study the fundamental limit to the accuracy of a phase difference shift detection. We show that this limit c...

in this paper geometry optimization of two ionic complexes such as cr042-gly+1, and mo042- gly+i have been carried out at the hf and b3lyp levels oftheory with 6-31g* basis set in the gas phase. moreover, chemical shift andnatural bond of orbital (nbo) of these compounds have been obtainedusing nmr and nbo methods. finally, the obtained theoretical results werecompared with each other.

We investigate the general relativistic phase of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates in gravitational field Earth, which is modeled isolated, weakly aspherical gravitating body. introduce coordinate systems to describe light propagation Earth's vicinity along with relevant transformations, and discuss transformations between proper times. represent using Cartesian symmetric trace-free (STF...

Abstract Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) with its high-contrast images of optical delay (OPD) maps is often used for label-free single-cell analysis. Contrary to other methods, sensitivity improvement has not been intensively explored because conventional QPI sensitive enough observe the surface roughness a substrate that restricts minimum measurable OPD. However, emerging techniques utilize, ...