Probabilistic proofs and interpretations are given for the q-binomial theorem, q-binomial series, two of Euler's fundamental partition identities, and for q-analogs of product expansions for the Riemann zeta and Euler phi functions. The underlying processes involve Bernoulli trials with variable probabilities. Also presented are several variations on the classical derangement problem inherent i...

We propose a quantum circuit that creates a pure state corresponding to the quantum superposition of all prime numbers less than 2, where n is the number of qubits of the register. This Prime state can be built using Grover’s algorithm, whose oracle is a quantum implementation of the classical Miller-Rabin primality test. The Prime state is highly entangled, and its entanglement measures encode...

For any field F , we give an example of a prime finitely generated F -algebra of GK dimension 2 for which GK dimension is not finitely partitive. For each m ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}∪{∞}, we give an example of a prime finitely generated F -algebra having GK dimension 2 which has classical Krull dimension m; the algebra of GK dimension 2 which has infinite classical Krull dimension has the additiona...

We study the p-adic behavior of Jacobi sums for Q(ζp) and link this study to the p-Sylow subgroup of the class group of Q(ζp) + and to some properties of the jacobian of the Fermat curve Xp + Y p = 1 over Fl where l is a prime number distinct from p. Let p be a prime number, p ≥ 5. Iwasawa has shown that the p-adic properties of Jacobi sums for Q(ζp) are linked to Vandiver’s Conjecture (see [5]...

We investigate the coronal magnetic energy and helicity budgets of ten solar ARs, around times large flares. In particular, we are interested in a possible relation derived quantities to particular type flares that AR produces, i.e., whether they associated with CME or confined. Using an optimization approach, employ time series 3D nonlinear force-free field models covering span several hours o...

The complete generalized cycle G(d, n) is the digraph which has Zn × Zd as the vertex set and every vertex (i, x) is adjacent to the d vertices (i + 1, y) with y ∈ Zd . As a main result, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the iterated line digraph G(d, n, k) = Lk−1G(d, n), with d a prime number, to be a Cayley digraph in terms of the existence of a group0d of order d and a subgrou...

It is proved that if R is a valuation domain with maximal ideal P and if RL is countably generated for each prime ideal L, then R R is separable if and only RJ is maximal, where J = ∩n∈NP . When R is a valuation domain satisfying one of the following two conditions: (1) R is almost maximal and its quotient field Q is countably generated (2) R is archimedean Franzen proved in [2] that R is separ...

Let φ denote Euler’s phi function. For a fixed odd prime q we give an asymptotic series expansion in the sense of Poincaré for the number Eq(x) of n ≤ x such that q ∤ φ(n). Thereby we improve on a recent theorem by B.K. Spearman and K.S. Williams [Ark. Mat. 44 (2006), 166–181]. Furthermore we resolve, under the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, which of two approximations to Eq(x) is asymptotical...

We initiate the study of 1-torsion of finite modules over two-sided noetherian semiperfect rings. In particular, we give a criterion for determining when the 1-torsion submodule contains minimal generators of the module. We also provide an explicit construction for a projective cover of the submodule generated by the torsion elements in the top of the module. Some of the obtained results hold w...

A new and conceptually simple procedure is derived for the computation of the maximal reachability submodule of a given submodule of the state space of a linear discrete time system over a Noethenian ring R. The procedure is effective if R is effective and if kernels and intersections can be computed. The procedure is compared with a rather different procedure by Assan e.a. published recently.