The last ten or fifteen years have seen a quiet revolution in criminology and criminal justice. There has been a vast improvement in the quality and quantity of data, and in the availability of that data to decisionmakers. Sufficient information is now available so that basic indicators related to criminal justice issues can be measured with a degree of precision that was not only unknown a few...

By the 1960s many, perhaps most, philosophers had adopted ‘physicalism’ – the view that physical causes fully account for mental activities. However, controversy persists about what counts as ‘physical causes’. ‘Reductive’ physicalists recognize only microphysical (elementary-particle-level) causality. Many, perhaps most, physicalists are ‘non-reductive’ – they hold that entities considered by ...

May we imagine that materialistic and idealistic thinkers were both right in all point concerning mind and matter they have quarreled for centuries? May we imagine that in quarrel for primacy between matter and mind both claims for primacy are right and only our good will is required to accept that ultimate reconciliation? May we imagine that all thinking activity of all men on earth and elsewh...

When people move together, as they dance, march or flirt, it increases affiliation between them. But what about ‘moving together’ produces affiliation: the movements themselves, or the social context of moving ‘together’? We instructed pairs of participants to listen to music and move their arms or legs according to shapes appearing on screen. They either carried out the same movements, or when...

1 Introduction Naturalistic philosophers of mind must assume some philosophy of science. For naturalism demands that we look to psychology—but to be guided by psychological theories, one must have some story about what theories are and how they work. In this way, philosophy of mind was subtly guided by philosophy of science. For the past forty years, mainstream philosophy of mind has implicitly...

This article argues for the idea of different moments in Vygotsky’s work while highlighting combinations of ideas and concepts that were particularly emphasized in distinct moments of his work. After Vygotsky’s death, these moments were not considered a theoretical system in development, either in former Soviet psychology or in Western interpretations of his work. Vygotsky’s legacy seems to hav...

According to Kronecker, a famous European mathematician, only natural numbers, i.e., positive integers like 1, 2, 3, ... are given by God or belong to the nature. All other numbers like negative numbers, fractional numbers, irrational numbers, transcendental numbers, complex numbers, etc., are a creation of the human mind. Of course, all these other numbers are created using the natural numbers...

there have been a lot of arguments about body in pre-modern literature in different disciplines such as christian religious and theological debates. such debates argue that body is considered as a negative element with the potentiality of committing sin and preventing the elevation of spirit. these arguments are followed by western philosophy of mind/ body paradox, which is itself followed by o...

This essay analyzes how the Modularity of Mind impacts the anthrozoological argument that non-human animals are persons. Comparative research on human and animal minds suggests that human and other-than-human minds differ in their mental architecture such that animal cognition is largely modular whereas human thought fluidly integrates contents across modules. If animal minds are modular, then ...