Abstract In 2006, a narrative of the Desana people included system graphic symbols reported as historical Indigenous invention used during intertribal warfare to count number enemies and pass warning information. This paper outlines evaluates system. The are described, their timeline mythical events is compared accounts region. Contemporary spoken numbers then characterized quinary with restric...

Are there acoustic invariants that mediate the perception of phonemes? If there were, they might be shared by a number of languages. But this acoustic-phonemic relationship does not occur in a simple way for any of the languages that have been examined. Has, then, such an approach to speech perception been abandoned? Not entirely; some theorists argue that there are invariant acoustic propertie...

In this paper, we present a real-time facial animation system in which speech drives mouth movements and facial expressions synchronously. Considering five basic emotions, a hierarchical structure with an upper-layer of emotion classification is established. Based on the recognized emotion label, the under-layer classification at sub-phonemic level has been modelled on the relationship between ...

Phonemic accuracy of children with cochlear implants (CI) is often reported to be lower in comparison with normally hearing (NH) age-matched children. In this study, we compare phonemic accuracy development in the spontaneous speech of Dutch-speaking children with CI and NH age-matched peers. A dynamic cost model of Levenshtein distance is used to compute the accuracy of each word token. We set...

Given the role of phonemic awareness in learning to read and spell, it is important to examine the linguistic factors that influence children's performance on phonemic awareness tasks. We found that, contrary to some previous claims, children did not perform better with fricative consonants (e.g., /z/) than with stops (e.g., /d/) in a phoneme recognition task. However, preschoolers and kinderga...