In 1997, the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) reevaluated its quartz classification from a class 2 carcinogen, to that of a class 1, stating sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in both humans and experimental animals. However, tumor development did not occur across all occupational settings. It is probable that this is due to the considerable differences in toxicity betwee...

a r t i c l e i n f o Increasing use of diffraction methods to study preferred orientation of minerals has established that quartz in deformed rocks not only displays characteristic c-axis orientation patterns, but that there is also generally a distinct difference in the orientation of positive and negative rhombs. In the trigonal quartz crystal structure positive and negative rhombs are struc...

The diffusive behavior of argon in quartz was investigated with three analytical depth profiling methods: Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS), 213 nm laser ablation, and 193 nm (Excimer) laser ablation on the same set of experimental samples. The integration of multiple depth profiling methods, each with different spatial resolution and sensitivity, allows for the cross-checking of met...

compared to quartz sand, the shear behavior of carbonate sand differs in  appearance, origin, and kind. carbonate sand is found mainly in the northern coast of the persian gulf and the oman sea. in this research, a comparison is made between the shear behavior of carbonate sand retrieved from the eastern region of the chabahar port, located north of the oman sea, and quartz sand obtained from f...

The general theory in Pitteri (2003), to be recalled here for completeness, is used to study the full kinematics of β-quartz with special reference to its geometric and arithmetic symmetry. Describing the related decompositions of the β-quartz configuration space into irreducible invariant subspaces is the starting point for the analysis of the generic weak phase transitions of β-quartz under c...

Respirable quartz has been classified as a human lung carcinogen (IARC, 1997). However, the mechanisms involved in quartz-induced carcinogenesis remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate acute DNA damage in epithelial lung cells from rats exposed to quartz. Since surface reactivity is considered to play a crucial role in the toxicity of quartz, the effect of surface modify...

This paper presents one wafer level packaging approach of quartz resonator based on through-silicon via (TSV) interposer with metal or polymer bonding sealing of frequency components. The proposed silicon-based package of quartz resonator adopts several three-dimensional (3D) core technologies, such as Cu TSVs, sealing bonding, and wafer thinning. It is different from conventional quartz resona...