The polarized transport of the phytohormone auxin [1], which is crucial for the regulation of different stages of plant development [2, 3], depends on the asymmetric plasma membrane distribution of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers [4, 5]. The PIN polar localization results from clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) from the plasma membrane and subsequent polar recycling [6]. The Arabido...

Pinoresinol diglucoside (PDG) and pinoresinol (Pin) are normally produced by plant cells via the phenylpropanoid pathway. This study reveals the existence of a related pathway in Phomopsis sp. XP-8, a PDG-producing fungal strain isolated from the bark of the Tu-chung tree (Eucommiaulmoides Oliv.). After addition of 0.15 g/L glucose to Phomopsis sp. XP-8, PDG and Pin formed when phenylalanine, t...

The PIN (PilT N-terminus) domain is a compact RNA-binding protein domain present in all domains of life. This 120-residue domain consists of a central and parallel β sheet surrounded by α helices, which together organize 4-5 acidic residues in an active site that binds one or more divalent metal ions and in many cases has endoribonuclease activity. In bacteria and archaea, the PIN domain is pri...

A tangible programming interface called ``Push-pin'' is proposed, which involves end-users in designing smart home programs for home appliance automation. Programming on the Push-pin system is based on a stimulus-response model in which an appliance connected to another appliance via a network gets activated when the other appliance is activated. To interconnect two appliances, the user puts a ...

INTRODUCTION Recent clinical studies have shown that computer navigation for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) provides improved component alignment accuracy, and can help to avoid femoral malrotation and errors in axial alignment [1]. However, femoral stress fracture after computernavigated TKA has been reported due to the pin hole [2] and we hypothesized that osteoporosis would be one of the key ...

Growth and morphogenesis in plants require controlled transport of the plant hormone auxin. An important participant is the auxin effluxing protein PIN, whose polarized subcellular localization allows it to effectively transport auxin large distances through tissues. The flux-based model, in which auxin flux through a wall stimulates PIN allocation to that wall, is a dominant contender among mo...

during limb lengthening involving external fixation,1 with an incidence as high as 85%.2 The most appropriate pin-site care is controversial; one study even justifies a nihilistic approach.3 Pin sites near joints are more prone to sepsis, as they are subject to greater movement.4 Minor inflammation or superficial infection is usually treated with antibiotics, local wound care, and occasionally ...

PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins localize asymmetrically at the plasma membrane and mediate intercellular polar transport of the plant hormone auxin that is crucial for a multitude of developmental processes in plants. PIN localization is under extensive control by environmental or developmental cues, but mechanisms regulating PIN localization are not fully understood. Here we show that early endosoma...