In a random sample of 25,129 Swedish men who responded to a questionnaire on smoking habits in 1963 the cause specific mortality was followed through 1979. In the cohort, 32% smoked cigarettes, 27% a pipe, and 5% cigars. There were clear covariations (p less than 0.001) between the amount of tobacco smoked and the risk of death due to cancer of the oral cavity and larynx, oesophagus, liver, pan...

A deflection routing algorithm that can be applied to a novel self-routing address scheme for networks with arbitrary topology is proposed. The proposed deflection routing algorithm can be implemented all-optically using bitwise optical logic gates. Besides the primary output link selection, alternate output link choices by a packet at each node in case of deflection are also encoded in the add...

introduction the aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of deflection load of three kinds of nickel titanium closed coil springs. methods and materials this research was an experimental study. research sample contains three kinds of niti closed coiled springs (heavy, medium, light) from gac, 3m, and rmo factories. 10 springs with 9 mm length for each group (totally 90 springs) wer...

Transparent materials are utilized in different products and have to meet high quality requirements, i.a., they have to be free from scattering defects. Such material defects are mainly manifested in changes of the direction of light transmitted through the object. Laser deflection scanners can acquire so-called four-dimensional light deflection maps conveying both, the spatial and angular info...

Contention resolution schemes are the key determinant of the network performance in optical packet switched networks. This paper presents a contention resolution scheme in wavelength and space dimension. By integrating deflection routing with wavelength conversion, this paper investigates their effects on packet-loss performance through simulation studies. In particular, we propose a load-sensi...

structural health monitoring of cracked structures is one of beloved subject of researchers recently. consider of crack behavior in the water and energy pipeline is important because of environmental problems. in this paper consider of crack parameters in the underwater pipe subjected to mechanical transient load is investigated. for this purpose, three- dimensional parametric model of cracked ...

BACKGROUND Crack pipe sharing can increase health risks among people who use drugs, yet the reasons for sharing these pipes have not been well described. Therefore, we sought to identify the prevalence and correlates of crack pipe sharing among a community-recruited sample of people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, a setting where crack pipes are provided at low or no cost. FINDINGS Data f...

Machining of advanced materials, such as composite, encounters high cutting temperatures and rapid tool wear because of the abrasive nature of the reinforcement phases in the workpiece materials. Ultrahard coatings, such as chemical vapor deposition diamond, have been used for machining such advanced materials. Wear of diamond-coated tools is characterized by catastrophic coating failure, plaus...

Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) processing facilities contain large complex networks of pipes of varying diameter and orientation intermixed with control valves, processes and sensors. Regular inspection of these pipes for corrosion, caused by impurities in the gas processing chain, is critical for safety. Popular existing non-destructive technologies that used for corrosion inspection in LNG pipes in...

Probabilistic incremental program evolution (PIPE) is a novel technique for automatic program synthesis. We combine probability vector coding of program instructions, population-based incremental learning, and tree-coded programs like those used in some variants of genetic programming (GP). PIPE iteratively generates successive populations of functional programs according to an adaptive probabi...