Aim This study examines changes in avian community composition associated with the decline and loss of eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.] resulting from chronic hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae Annand) infestations. Location The study was conducted in a 4900-km study region extending from Long Island Sound northward to the southern border of Massachusetts and including the...

Chemically managed plants impose environmental risks to humans and environment. Using biological approaches control plant diseases is a more effective environment friendly alternative. The approach disease refers controlling by using organisms like fungi, bacteria viruses. This can be done introduction or utilization of resident antagonistic living organisms. Biological achieved through differe...

Rice false smut (RFS), caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is a significant grain disease in rice that can lead to reduced yield and quality. In order obtain spatiotemporal change information, multitemporal hyperspectral UAV data were used this study determine the sensitive wavebands for RFS identification, 665–685 705–880 nm. Then, two methods extraction of smut-infected areas, one based on spect...