The influence of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices (Gi) and superphosphate (P) on penetration, development, and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) was studied on the Mi-susceptible cotton cultivar Stoneville 213 in an environmental chamber at 28 C. Plants were inoculated with Mi eggs at planting or after 28 days and destructively sampled 7, 14, 21, and 28 d...

Aims: Vitis vinifera is a grape species and native to the Mediterranean region and east to northern Iran. The present research was carried out in greenhouse conditions to study the effects of four concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0; 2000; 4000; and 6000 mg/l) and three planting beds (agricultural soils, sandy, and mixture of agricultural soils and sand) on rooting grape cuttings i...

In this study, four different type seeders were evaluated for seed spacing, depth uniformity, and plant emergence at three forward speeds (3.6, 5.4, and 7.2 km h-1). The planter types were: no-till planter, precision vacuum planter, universal planter, and semi-automatic potato planter. The sowing uniformity of the horizontal distribution of seeds was described by using the multiple index, the m...

Wild almond (Amygdalus scoparia) is one of the most important species that provides a variety of ecological functions in the Zagros forest ecosystem. In this study, we investigated the effects of some seed treatments on the survival and growth of Amygdalus scoparia after seed planting at different aspects and elevations under natural conditions. The seed pretreatments consisted in soaking them ...

The light deficiency in the canopy is not the main factor limiting maize (Zea mays L.) production but the lower radiation use efficiency (RUE). Conservation tillage planting patterns were used to construct a sustainable agricultural system for soil protection and higher RUE. On these bases, we tried to create more uniform light distribution in crop canopy for increasing radiation use efficiency...

On global scale, community participation in various activities is the core in the quest for sustainable development and environmental protection related issues. Community involvement in tree planting in Kenya is as old as modern agroforestry that started in 1971. However, certain biophysical environmental factors have not worked against the concept of community participation in tree planting. A...