The work presented here demonstrates the utility of a two-step algorithm for environmental poliovirus surveillance based on: preselection of sewage samples tested for the presence of enteroviral genetic material-RT-PCR assay and detection of infectious viruses by cell culture technique (L20B for polioviruses and RD for polio and other non-polio enteroviruses). RD and L20B cell lines were tested...

The 20-year, U.S. $4 billion-dollar international effort to eradicate wild polioviruses now includes monovalent oral poliovirus type 1 vaccine (mOPV1), which was first given to 40 million children in India in April 2005. As this vaccine is being introduced to eliminate some of the last poliovirus reservoirs, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative is planning for the eventual synchronized world...

Wallis, Craig (Baylor University, Houston, Texas) and Joseph L. Melnick. Thermal inactivation of poliovirus under anaerobic conditions. J. Bacteriol. 84:389-392. 1962.-Of the six strains of poliovirus tested (three antigenic types), none was stabilized at 50 C under anaerobic conditions. The previously reported stabilization of polioviruses using thioglycolate had been attributed to anaerobic c...

The genome of the prototype stain of coxsackievirus B4 (J.V.B. Benschoten) has been cloned in Escherichia coli and its complete nucleotide sequence determined. Excluding the poly(A) tract, the RNA genome is 7395 nucleotides in length and appears to encode a single polyprotein of 2183 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequence of the polyprotein shows close homology (88%) to that of the prev...

A survey of titres of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins and of antibodies to polioviruses in the sera of 291 schoolchildren aged 15, 11, and 7 years showed that high immunisation rates can evoke protective concentrations of tetanus antitoxin in 98% of children and protective levels of the antibodies to diphtheria and all three types of poliomyelitis in 85% of children. Reinforcing immunisation ...

In conjunction with the city-wide program of oral vaccination conducted during the early months of 1961 in Middletown, Connecticut, tests were carried out on serial samples of sewage from various strategic points in the city as a means of virological surveillance. Objectives were: a) to determine the relative prevalence of polioviruses and other enteroviruses in the city sewage prior to, during...