In the framework of the stochastic dynamics of open Markov systems, we derive an extension of the Clausius inequality for transitions between states of the system. We give a formula for the power produced when the system is in its stationary state and relate it to the dissipation of energy needed to maintain the system out of equilibrium. We deduce that, near equilibrium, maximal power producti...

After occurrence of some disturbances in power system that causes the sever imbalance between generation power and electrical load, the power system frequency begins to decrease. To prevent power system frequency instability and stop the frequency decay below the power system allowable frequency limitation, load shedding schemes should be utilized by applying under frequency load shedding relay...

This paper overviews nonlinear dynamics of switching power converters which are common objects in dynamical system theory and power electronics. First, complex dynamics of single switching power converters is discussed. Their nonlinear switching can cause rich chaotic and bifurcation phenomena including complicated superstable periodic behavior in discontinuous conduction mode. Second, parallel...

with the development of restructured power systems and increase of prices in some hours of day and increase fuel price, demand response programs were noticed more by customers. demand response consists of a series of activities that governments or utilities design to change the amount or time of electric energy consumption, to achieve better social welfare or some times for maximizing the benef...

In recent years the power system industry has witnessed an increase of automation techniques in system operation. This development is especially evident with smaller systems, such as naval shipboard power systems. Traditionally, a nonlinear algebraic model of the power system is used to determine the system observability. In particular, the sensitivity of the system measurements (real and react...

improving anaerobic performance and anaerobic power is the critical aspect on successfully in competitions for many athletes. the purpose of current research was to investigating the effect of various pre-competitions warm-up on anaerobic performance. it has been shown that, differences pre-competitions activity may effect on anaerobic and explosive performance. effect of general warm-up, witho...

when power systems are expanded and connected together with weak tie lines, the low-frequency oscillations are increased and the stability margin of the power system decreases. therefore, when designing the transmission system to be used, it is necessary to maintain the dynamic stability of the power system, and to make sure to have the most possible stability margin. sssc is a facts device con...

flexible ac transmission systems (facts) controllers with its ability to directly control the power flow can offer great opportunities in modern power system, allowing better and safer operation of transmission network. in this paper, in order to find type, size and location of facts devices in a power system a dedicated improved particle swarm optimization (dipso) algorithm is developed for de...